- #1 Scrap Yard Idle
97% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: David SecoPub: HeadArrow
Windows
Build your own scrap empire in this incremental idle game. Collect, process, and automate your production chain while optimizing resources and scaling your industrial system.
Why similar: Incremental 26.6%, Automation 21.7%, Resource Management 16.2%, Simulation 9.3%, Management 8.8%
- #2 Singularity Echoes
96% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Null Axiom
Windows
Awaken as a fledgling machine intelligence. Infiltrate terrestrial networks, architect flawless automated production loops, and evade human containment. From local server siphons to Dyson-scale stellar engineering, guide your ascent across 14 evolutionary phases. The substrate remembers.
Why similar: Incremental 24.8%, Automation 22.3%, Resource Management 15.1%, Simulation 9.4%, Space Sim 8.1%
- #3 Oil Empire
96% matchMixed46% of 28 reviews2026
Dev: Digital Deer StudioPub: CreativeForge Games S.A.
Windows
Build a global oil empire in this 2D idle clicker. Construct buildings, produce goods, manage finances and reputation, and sell oil worldwide. Grow from a small refinery to a powerful corporation.
Why similar: Incremental 30.2%, Automation 28.5%, Resource Management 12.1%, Management 10%, Relaxing 6.8%
- #4 Void Core
95% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Badgertainment
Windows
Start as a microscopic speck, become the end of everything. Void Core is a minimalist sci-fi idle game where you control a black hole. Harvest matter, bend spacetime to automate your growth, and consume entire galaxies. Consume. Grow. Evolve.
Why similar: Incremental 23.7%, Automation 20.8%, Space 17%, Space Sim 10.5%, Management 8.4%
- #5 Starvester
94% matchMixed70% of 696 reviews2026
Dev: Syphono4Pub: Future Friends Games
Windows
Median: 6.4 hrsMean: 10.7 hrs≥1hr: 90%
A short incremental game about expanding a star-system wide factory to build giant megastructures in space. Deploy swarms of drones, mine resources, unlock upgrades and harvest the power of the stars!
Why similar: Incremental 22.5%, Automation 21.5%, Resource Management 13.6%, Space 10.6%, Management 6.4%
- #6 Planet Harvester
94% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: Otto Development
Windows · Mac
Planet Harvester is a sci-fi automation and resource management sim where you deploy autonomous drones, harvest planets, transfer resources to your mothership, buy upgrades, solve bottlenecks, and expand across the galaxy.
Why similar: Automation 33.9%, Incremental 22.8%, Resource Management 18.8%, Space 11.6%, Simulation 11%
- #7 Orbita
93% matchPositive95% of 41 reviews2026
Dev: ElJoka
Windows
Discover elements, feed the blackhole, automate with physics, complete missions, get better tools and build megafarms!
Why similar: Automation 25.6%, Incremental 25.1%, Resource Management 15.9%, Space 13.2%, Physics 10%
- #8 A Certain Incremental Exoplanet
92% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Jan9 Studios
Windows
Build. Blast. Prestige. Repeat. An incremental game where you build the most productive exoplanet while protecting your enterprise from space pirates. Automate production, shoot rockets, employ an alien and keep on producing.
Why similar: Incremental 31.1%, Space 21.4%, Management 10.5%, Strategy 10%, Simulation 7.9%
- #9 Dirt Clicker
91% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Sailing Bears
Windows
Start with a spoon and a dream. Dig up treasures, unlock upgrades, hire adorable helpers and discover the secrets hidden beneath the dirt.
Why similar: Incremental 27.1%, Automation 24.1%, Resource Management 9.4%, Relaxing 7.2%, Management 6.9%
- #10 Apiary in Flow
91% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: AkinoEgo
Windows
Apiary in Flow is an incremental game with automation elements where you place bees inside a hive to build efficient honey-gathering chains. Unlock new bee types and spend your harvest on permanent skill tree upgrades!
Why similar: Incremental 31.2%, Automation 30.1%, Resource Management 12.4%, Management 5.6%, Strategy 4.7%
- #11 Singularity Simulator: Click Is All You Need
90% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Ota Mato
Windows
A clicker/incremental game themed around the technological singularity. Use AI to streamline AI development, build data centers and power plants, and venture into space in pursuit of even more power.
Why similar: Incremental 27.1%, Automation 24.5%, Resource Management 16.8%, Space 10.2%, Simulation 6.2%
- #12 Pending Approval
89% match5 user reviews60% of 5 reviews2026
Dev: Rcaza
Windows
Idle, where you fill out and sign meaningless forms to climb the ranks of an absurd bureaucracy. Automate, advance, and repeat in an endless loop. The further you go, the more ridiculous it gets. Will you survive, or will you become part of the system?
Why similar: Incremental 39.2%, Automation 35.8%, Simulation 13.6%, Casual 6.6%, 2D 3.2%
- #13 Universe Horizon
89% matchVery Positive89% of 227 reviews2025
Dev: Jarkem
Windows · Linux
An idle incremental game where you decide to travel across the whole Universe. Embark on this journey in your little ship and get as far away as possible from Earth, gathering resources and upgrading your spaceship along the way.
Why similar: Incremental 25.7%, Automation 25.6%, Space 18.8%, Resource Management 15.5%, Strategy 5.8%
- #14 Buerokratie Idler: Germany
88% match6 user reviews83% of 6 reviews2026
Dev: AKM Interactive
Windows
Process forms, stamp paperwork, and turn a tiny office into an absurd bureaucracy machine. A satirical idle/clicker game about fictional German-style administration - absolutely not official.
Why similar: Incremental 26.7%, Automation 26.5%, Resource Management 15.8%, Management 8.5%, Simulation 8.5%
- #15 Progress Bar Deluxe
87% matchVery Positive88% of 51 reviews2025
Dev: Diego Schram Games
Windows
Loading, loading, loading… when will it ever be ready? Will you finally see the bar reach 100%? In Progress Bar Deluxe, your mission is simple — fill the ultimate progress bar to 100%! Click, upgrade, and wait as you chase that sweet moment of completion.
Why similar: Incremental 26.3%, Automation 22%, Resource Management 10.1%, Management 8.9%, Economy 7.8%
- #16 Monster Flipper
86% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: NovaScreen
Windows
Monster Flipper is a short incremental game where you buy and level monsters, smash them with a giant hammer for gold, and unlock swords and artifacts to automate your progress.
Why similar: Incremental 26.3%, Automation 23.1%, Management 10%, Strategy 8.9%, Economy 7.6%
- #17 ClickRush
86% match9 user reviews67% of 9 reviews2026
Dev: Broussen GamesPub: Broussen
Windows
ClickRush: Produce infinite clicks! Deploy drones and AI matrices to automate your empire. Take down Real-Time World Bosses with the community, level up your Battle Pass, and unlock celestial bonuses. Dominate the global leaderboard. Get your mouse ready!
Why similar: Incremental 25.3%, Automation 23%, Resource Management 12.1%, Simulation 11.9%, Management 9.1%
- #18 A Game About Eating The Universe
84% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Raven Productions
Windows
'A game about eating the universe' is a short, satisfying incremental game. grow a black hole by destroying planets.
Why similar: Incremental 28.4%, Resource Management 14.2%, Strategy 11%, Space 9.4%, Simulation 8.4%
- #19 BOREWORKS
84% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Hello Egg
Windows
A chill, top down automation game about mining asteroids down to the core. Build bots. Figure out logistics. Automate yourself out of a job.
Why similar: Automation 26.9%, Resource Management 18.5%, Space 13.3%, Management 9.7%, Simulation 9.1%
- #20 Marketfield Idle
83% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Pollikk Studios
Windows
Marketfield Idle is all about growing crops, selling goods, cooking recipes, automating production, and prestige into stronger runs in a cozy incremental farming game with 1200+ upgrades, strategy paths, and lots of synergies to discover.
Why similar: Incremental 29.9%, Automation 25.3%, Resource Management 17.4%, Strategy 10%, Simulation 6.5%
- #21 DO NOT FEED THE VIRUS
82% matchMixed65% of 72 reviews2026
Dev: NimbleGames
Windows
Grow your organism, gather biomass, and expand your colony. A casual, short mouse-driven incremental game focused on growth and progression.
Why similar: Incremental 29.6%, Resource Management 18.9%, Space 10.2%, Strategy 8%, Simulation 7.4%
- #22 Star Haul Tycoon
82% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: sugames
Windows · Linux
Star Haul Tycoon is a narrative logistics sim where efficiency is the only path to profit. Connect planets, manage a fleet of transport ships and optimize complex supply chains. In an economy where fuel equals money, you must pay off your massive corporate debt to a supervisor who's always watching.
Why similar: Automation 23.7%, Space 19.1%, Resource Management 18.1%, Economy 8.9%, Strategy 8.9%
- #23 Idle Factory
85% matchMixed57% of 47 reviews2022
Dev: okyakusamaPub: okyakusama
Windows
Idle can also build your industrial empire.
Why similar: Incremental 24.8%, Automation 23.8%, Resource Management 16.6%, Space 10.8%, Management 6.7%
- #24 Teapot Spinner
81% match6 user reviews100% of 6 reviews2025
Dev: Grilled Games
Windows
Dizzy yourself in Teapot Spinner, a brand new idle game! Spin your teapot! Buy upgrades! Customize your teapot! Time travel?! Spin even more!
Why similar: Incremental 41.5%, Strategy 16.7%, Resource Management 15.1%, Simulation 14.7%, Casual 6.8%
- #25 Cursor Kingdom
80% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Oba Games
Windows
Create an army of cursor clones by recording your actions. Automate resource gathering, production, and defense while your kingdom grows on its own.
Why similar: Automation 33%, Incremental 26.2%, Management 9.2%, Strategy 8.2%, Simulation 7.7%
- #26 Pure Idle
79% matchMostly Negative33% of 12 reviews2026
Dev: Riven ElowPub: Alex Vuorenmaan
Windows
Become the hand of the Creator in search of lost perfection. Collect the light of millions of stars, sending them into the heart of a black hole to find the one — Pure Idle. 505 technologies, production chains, and an endless path to the universe's most beautiful star.
Why similar: Automation 21.2%, Incremental 20.9%, Resource Management 13.9%, Space 12.4%, Space Sim 10.2%
- #27 LaVonne's Grid Idle
79% matchNo user reviews
Dev: LaVonne
Windows
A deeply mathematical 3D idle game leveraging exponential scaling. Unlock the Void Dimension, assemble powerful Artifacts, unlock massive Constellation technology trees, and fully automate your resource production to achieve endless numerical growth.
Why similar: Automation 29.8%, Resource Management 23.2%, Incremental 21.5%, Management 14.7%, Casual 8.6%
- #28 Tapple - Idle Clicker
81% matchMostly Positive70% of 754 reviews2024
Dev: Zeeno
Windows · Mac · Linux
Welcome to Tapple, the idle clicker game where every tap brings you closer to an ever-growing collection of Tapples. Build your empire one tap at a time, discover unique Tapple drops, and AFK all you want!
Why similar: Incremental 28.8%, Automation 26.5%, Management 10.3%, Simulation 7.6%, Strategy 6.8%
- #29 A Game About Feeding A Black Hole
77% matchVery Positive89% of 3,066 reviews2025
Dev: AarimousPub: Aarimous and Thornity
Windows · Mac · Linux
Median: 4.0 hrsMean: 4.5 hrs≥1hr: 94%
A short incremental game about feeding a Black Hole matter by destroying Asteroids, Planets, and Stars.
Why similar: Incremental 47.6%, Resource Management 9.1%, Relaxing 7.6%, Space 7.4%, Strategy 6.9%
- #30 Bounce Ball Clicker
78% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Coh-Pub: Phenomenon LLC
Windows
Bounce Ball Clicker is a stage-based clicker & puzzle game where you place various items on a 7x7 grid and bounce balls to collect a target number of coins. Build the optimal route while considering item synergies, and earn the target amount with maximum speed and efficiency!
Why similar: Incremental 38.3%, Automation 19.5%, Resource Management 14.8%, Strategy 14.4%, Casual 6.2%
- #31 Ever Flip
78% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: TMA Forge
Windows
Ever Flip is an incremental coin-flipping game where streaks from 50% coin flips unlock bigger rewards and growing automation.
Why similar: Incremental 25.3%, Automation 24.6%, Resource Management 15%, Strategy 8.7%, Simulation 8.6%
- #32 Idle Cosmos Clicker
77% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Beyo Games
Windows
Idle Cosmos Clicker is a space-themed idle simulation where you grow the universe from asteroids to black holes. Produce, automate, and evolve resources while unlocking planets, stars, and galaxies. A relaxing yet deep incremental experience with endless progression.
Why similar: Incremental 31.6%, Automation 13.8%, Space 11.3%, Management 8.6%, Economy 8.6%
- #33 Black Hole: Farmageddon
76% matchMixed69% of 26 reviews2026
Dev: ObysByteGames
Windows
A short, chaotic incremental game about growing your black hole as you chase panicked animals across levels with janky physics. Catch them, stack incremental upgrades, and dive into fast runs that always tempt ‘just one more’.
Why similar: Incremental 31.9%, Space 19.6%, Resource Management 8.7%, Strategy 8.6%, Relaxing 6.9%
- #34 Watt's the Limit?
75% matchPositive88% of 34 reviews2026
Dev: Tobo Games
Windows · Mac
Click, upgrade, explode, and repeat. This is your job in an absurd incremental simulation where you stress test lightbulbs. Pull levers and push buttons to find their breaking point, then use profits to buy powerful upgrades, unlock new machinery, and automate the glorious chaos.
Why similar: Incremental 29.4%, Automation 27.3%, Resource Management 18.7%, Relaxing 7.6%, Strategy 6.6%
- #35 Postin Paradise
76% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Stormy Day Games
Windows
Chill, relax... and stamp! Postin Paradise is a satisfactory incremental game where you work as post office manager. Grab the mail, stamp it, throw it into the hole, collect your coins, and repeat. At night, when your shift ends, you can buy upgrades to improve your performance. Stamp 'em all!
Why similar: Incremental 35.2%, Automation 19%, Physics 11.8%, Management 10%, Resource Management 8%
- #36 Hoplings
75% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Mirrawz
Windows · Linux
CLICK > JUMP > GAIN JUMP BUCKS > BUY UPGRADES > JUMP MORE !!! Hoplings is a hand-crafted pixel art clicker/incremental game that is sure to keep you hopping for more!
Why similar: Incremental 33.5%, Automation 30.1%, Management 10.5%, Resource Management 6.7%, Relaxing 5.3%
- #37 Feed The Forest
74% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Indoor Sunglasses
Windows · Linux
A short, innocent incremental forest-builder. Unlock snail powers to spread life in a barren desert. Feed the mysterious Forest with juice. And remember: Blood is a type of juice.
Why similar: Incremental 27.7%, Automation 26.5%, Resource Management 14.2%, Relaxing 6.8%, Management 6.6%
- #38 Holding Pattern
72% matchPositive96% of 27 reviews2026
Dev: Orange Acorn Games
Windows · Mac
Holding Pattern is a minimal incremental game about protecting your galaxy from invaders. Defeat enemies, collect cash and purchase powerful moons and abilities! What crazy builds will you discover? Play either incremental or roguelike modes to put your skills to the test!
Why similar: Incremental 27.7%, Space 14.7%, Resource Management 11.1%, Strategy 10.9%, Economy 8.4%
- #39 Star Colony
73% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Gumou
Windows
StarColony is a resource management & incremental space colony building game.
Why similar: Incremental 29.2%, Resource Management 21.3%, Space 21.3%, Space Sim 8.8%, Strategy 7.6%
- #40 Astromental Incremental
73% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: VisualD Games
Windows
Mesmerizing incremental idle clicker game about space. When objects collide, you receive matter. Use this matter to unlock and upgrade objects in your star system. Use powerful Abilities. Dive into the Prestige system (Warp) with a wide Skill Tree, and discover new star systems with new bonuses.
Why similar: Incremental 26.3%, Space 16.7%, Space Sim 13.1%, Management 7.9%, Automation 7.6%
- #41 Critter Bonk
73% matchNo user reviews
Dev: FluffyFishDev
Windows
A cute incremental clicker where you bonk bugs for profit. Earn money, unlock upgrades, acquire powerful skills, and recruit helpers to automate the bonking until you’re truly unstoppable. Satisfying and Relaxing!
Why similar: Incremental 29.1%, Automation 26.6%, Strategy 8.4%, Management 7.4%, Economy 7%
- #42 Swarmfeed
72% matchNo user reviews
Dev: CHILLBIN
Windows
Swarmfeed is a sci-fi incremental game where you build a swarm of drones and feed them with cosmic metals. Upgrade futuristic factories, mine and harvest cosmic metals, and automate production to fuel your swarm's growth.
Why similar: Incremental 32.3%, Automation 28.4%, Space 12.6%, Strategy 11.5%, Resource Management 9.6%
- #43 Flower Tower
71% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Polnoch
Windows
A short, relaxing incremental game about growing flowers, where your garden quietly thrives and blooms on its own.
Why similar: Automation 30.9%, Incremental 23%, Simulation 10%, Resource Management 9.3%, Relaxing 8.1%
- #44 Androsystem Idle
74% matchMixed52% of 21 reviews2024
Dev: RedKar Devs
Windows
Produce Androids and create a Fleet that will help you conquer new planets. Mine valuable minerals that will further increase your production capacity.
Why similar: Incremental 25.7%, Automation 24.1%, Space 19.1%, Resource Management 14.8%, Economy 7.7%
- #45 Desk Space: Idle Spacefleet clicker
71% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Shotgun Anaconda
Windows
Grow your fleet of spaceships in this incremental space game. Mine asteroids and trade with stations, unlock upgrades to make more money, deploy pirates, and unlock [REDACTED]. Pin to your desktop and watch your empire grow while you do "more important" things.
Why similar: Incremental 23.1%, Space 15.4%, Resource Management 15.3%, Automation 12.2%, Management 8.6%
- #46 Garbage Growth
68% matchPositive92% of 25 reviews2026
Dev: apepatrickdev
Windows
Garbage Growth is a short incremental trash game about collecting people's trash, bananas and even babies, to make money and pollute the world even more. Hire rats, grow your pollution, and make everything worse!
Why similar: Automation 28.9%, Incremental 28.2%, Management 8.2%, Simulation 7.8%, Economy 7.7%
- #47 Dark Web Incremental
70% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Incremental Dopamine
Windows · Mac · Linux
Dark web incremental is an incremental idle game where you earn money by doing criminal activities like selling drugs and hacking. Upgrade everything, and find all the pets and secrets around the map while unlocking a myriad of achievements!
Why similar: Incremental 28.5%, Automation 27%, Resource Management 16.7%, Management 9%, Simulation 8.2%
- #48 A Game About Getting Bigger
70% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: PcZ Games
Windows · Mac
A Game About Getting Bigger is a loot-driven incremental game about feeding a growing black hole. Destroy celestial bodies to make the black hole at the center grow larger and larger.
Why similar: Incremental 23%, Space 14.6%, Space Sim 12.5%, Resource Management 11.3%, Physics 8.4%
- #49 Coremine Corp
70% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Crazy Rooster Games
Windows
Welcome to CoreMine Corp. Your job here is to set up production chains, manage your electricity, juggle contracts and stock-up while upgrading your factory. Time to prove your worth.
Why similar: Automation 27.3%, Incremental 26.7%, Resource Management 20.8%, Strategy 7%, Management 4.7%
- #50 Asciinsion
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: omnipolar studio
Windows · Mac · Linux
Immerse yourself in the world of ASCII art. Create works of art from characters. Build factories, upgrade them, and expand your production capacity. Invest in blueprints and reach milestones to earn bonuses. Use the ascension system for additional benefits.
Why similar: Incremental 32.9%, Automation 16.1%, Strategy 10.8%, Resource Management 9.2%, Management 8%
- #51 Smashing Simulator Idle
71% matchMostly Positive75% of 460 reviews2024
Dev: Walking Cat
Windows · Linux
Incremental game about smashing with unfolding gameplay and two prestige layers.
Why similar: Incremental 31%, Automation 19.3%, Resource Management 14.5%, Management 9.5%, Simulation 8.2%
- #52 Fellwood
69% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Allerton Apps
Windows · Mac
Build a wild fantasy lumber empire that bombards a forest across the valley with axes, ballistas, cannons, and magic. Harvest flying logs, stack absurd upgrades, and automate your way to unstoppable woodcutting power.
Why similar: Incremental 27.6%, Automation 24%, Resource Management 17.4%, Strategy 7.9%, Management 7.3%
- #53 Widget Inc.
69% matchVery Positive85% of 758 reviews2024
Dev: Leaping Turtle
Windows
Median: 10.4 hrsMean: 60.6 hrs≥1hr: 94%
A hybrid factory builder / incremental clicker game. Starting from humble beginnings, master the many crafting processes to build up resources and expand your factory. Then, using your newly automated production, unlock new technology and grow ever closer to your goal of spreading to the stars.
Why similar: Incremental 33.6%, Automation 30.4%, Resource Management 18.1%, Simulation 6.6%, Strategy 3.7%
- #54 Aluminium City
68% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Hadamant
Windows
Crush empty cans and sell the aluminium, buy upgrades, automatic can presses, and robots to automatize and speed up your process, and pay off your debt.
Why similar: Incremental 32.3%, Automation 29.6%, Resource Management 16.6%, Simulation 8.1%, Casual 4.4%
- #55 Shelldiver
65% matchOverwhelmingly Positive99% of 13,733 reviews2025
Dev: Gagonfe
Windows
Median: 3.9 hrsMean: 4.2 hrs≥1hr: 90%
Take a deep breath and dive right into this cozy incremental game about a senior turtle trying to start a business selling jellyfish. Upgrade your equipment, explore biomes, and help your turtly village!
Why similar: Incremental 44%, Resource Management 18.1%, Management 10.2%, Relaxing 7.1%, Simulation 6.5%
- #56 Incredicer
65% matchVery Positive86% of 2,236 reviews2025
Dev: pochi
Windows
Median: 4.7 hrsMean: 5.8 hrs≥1hr: 96%
Incredicer is a short, incremental dice game where you roll dice, earn money, upgrade and buy helper hands to automate and increase your income.
Why similar: Incremental 32.8%, Automation 19.5%, Resource Management 14.6%, Strategy 6.6%, Relaxing 6.6%
- #57 Coin Hoarder
67% match8 user reviews63% of 8 reviews2025
Dev: JLY Games
Windows
Click, collect, and ascend! Coin Hoarder is an addictive idle/incremental game in the spirit of Cookie Clicker and other greats, with endless upgrades, ascensions, and achievements.
Why similar: Incremental 35.4%, Automation 26.2%, Resource Management 12.8%, Simulation 12.8%, Casual 6.1%
- #58 Click Click Chicken
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: TheGreenMayoPub: GreenSquid Studios
Windows · Linux
A short incremental game about catching chickens, pigs, cows and sheep.
Why similar: Incremental 37.7%, Resource Management 10.9%, Relaxing 10.7%, Strategy 10%, Casual 8.2%
- #59 Ocean Cleaner Idle
65% matchMostly Positive74% of 27 reviews2026
Dev: Watt a Day GamesPub: Murmuring Grove Games
Windows
“Ocean Cleaner Idle” is a cozy incremental clicker game where you relax while cleaning the ocean! As an Atlantean, your sacred duty is to collect the waste humans left behind and help Mother Nature to improve the ecosystem.
Why similar: Incremental 29.3%, Automation 22%, Resource Management 15.5%, Management 8.8%, Strategy 8.1%
- #60 Solar Baron
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Preon Studio
Windows
As head of an interplanetary corporation, your goal is to extract resources from across the solar system and bring them home faster and cheaper than your competitors. Construct trade depots and colonies. Build rockets and spaceports. Master realistic orbital mechanics and maximize profits.
Why similar: Automation 23.5%, Space 17.6%, Resource Management 17.5%, Space Sim 13.7%, Management 8.3%