- #1 Fake Tech Tycoon
97% matchNo user reviews
Dev: M.F.K.
Windows
Build your fake tech empire on lies, buzzwords, and vaporware! Scam investors, deceive customers, and become Silicon Valley’s most infamous fraudster. Forget real innovation HYPE is everything!
Why similar: Life Sim 24.7%, Time Management 23.9%, Simulation 21.5%, Economy 14.7%, Management 8.8%
- #2 Storage Finder
96% match5 user reviews100% of 5 reviews2025
Dev: Chronicles ekA
Windows
Storage Finder is a trade and strategy-focused simulation game where you try to make a profit by bargaining and selling items. We buy and sell items found in the city or retrieved from storage units won at auctions — with every deal, some of us make money, while some of us lose.
Why similar: Time Management 23.5%, Economy 22.8%, Simulation 21.4%, Life Sim 20.7%, Resource Management 10.4%
- #3 Aircraft Dispatcher: Ground Operations
96% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: Mojo Soft
Windows
Take charge of airport operations. Manage aircraft maintenance, ground support, equipment, and taxiway movements, then leave the office to inspect aircraft, investigate damage, clear FOD, respond to emergencies, and keep flights moving safely and on schedule.
Why similar: Time Management 23.7%, Simulation 22.9%, Management 15%, Life Sim 13.3%, Resource Management 11.5%
- #4 Fizz Flow: Factory Management
95% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Eiwar Games
Windows
Fizz Flow is a strategy and management game that takes place in a setting without competition regulations. In old America, where the beverage industry is on the rise, build your own factory, make your own unique recipes, weaken your opponents and maintain your hard earned success at the market!
Why similar: Economy 23.4%, Simulation 17.9%, Time Management 17.9%, Resource Management 16.7%, Management 13.7%
- #5 Transport Simulator
94% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Koko Game Studio
Windows
Turn a small courier shop into a massive transport company. Hire new employees and purchase new vehicles. Negotiate different product licenses and build the most profitable system based on your strategy.
Why similar: Life Sim 25.1%, Simulation 23.5%, Time Management 22%, Economy 13.6%, Management 8%
- #6 E-TECH SIMULATOR
94% matchMixed54% of 93 reviews2024
Dev: empire gamesPub: CEMA GAMES
Windows
Welcome to E-TECH Simulator, the ultimate simulation game where your entrepreneurial skills will be put to the test!
Why similar: Life Sim 25.2%, Time Management 24.5%, Simulation 21.4%, Economy 12.3%, Management 8.7%
- #7 Media AGENCY Simulator
93% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Pickup Studio
Windows
In Media AGENCY Simulator, build and manage your own media agency! Assign tasks, verify news, and publish content. Grow your followers, expand your team, conquer social media, and climb to the top of the media world by developing your strategy!
Why similar: Economy 17.4%, Satire 15.4% ★, Life Sim 14.7%, Time Management 12.6%, Management 11.6%
- #8 Ping Profit - Internet Tycoon
92% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: SudoNova
Windows · Linux
Run the internet your way. Build infrastructure, control traffic, stop outages, and grow a basement hosting startup into a global powerhouse.
Why similar: Time Management 23.4%, Simulation 22.9%, Economy 19.2%, Management 16%, Resource Management 13.4%
- #9 Junkyard Empire Simulator
91% matchNo user reviews
Dev: BronStudio
Windows
Manage a junkyard and turn scrap into wealth! Buy cars, dismantle them, sell the parts, and build your scrap empire.
Why similar: Life Sim 20.5%, Economy 18.5%, Time Management 18.3%, Simulation 13.3%, Management 13.1%
- #10 起業×経営体験ゲーム『おいでよ!スタートアップ村』
91% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Like-Blue Co., Ltd.
Windows · Mac
Startup Village is an entrepreneurship and management simulation board game. Players experience the entire startup cycle: securing funding and hiring staff (Startup Phase), followed by 12 months of realistic business operations (Management Phase) .
Why similar: Life Sim 29.7%, Simulation 26.1%, Economy 16%, Management 11.3%, Resource Management 7.8%
- #11 Garland Boy
90% matchVery Positive100% of 50 reviews2025
Dev: Wappen Games
Windows
GARLAND FOR SALE! A game about a boy who earn his living by selling flower garlands to cars waiting in a traffic light at the intersection. Save enough money and follow his big dream. When the traffic light turns red, your job begins!
Why similar: Time Management 31.5%, Life Sim 24.2%, Management 15.8%, Simulation 14.2%, Resource Management 7.3%
- #12 Shop Manager Simulator
89% match4 user reviews50% of 4 reviews2024
Dev: Next Dimension Lab
Windows
Take charge of your own retail outlet. Stack shelves with products, hire staff, set prices, appease the customers, manage suppliers, expand your space. Grow from a little store into a massive supermarket.
Why similar: Life Sim 26.8%, Time Management 24.2%, Simulation 22.7%, Economy 10.9%, Management 9.3%
- #13 Store Simulator
89% matchVery Positive89% of 82 reviews2024
Dev: Bugurca Game Studio
Windows
You've embarked on a journey to acquire your dream market and have finally reached your goal. Now, manage your market to offer friendly service to the neighborhood! Provide a range of products, from beverages to food, cleaning items to electronics, meeting community needs.
Why similar: Life Sim 25.6%, Time Management 22.8%, Simulation 21.3%, Economy 15%, Management 8.1%
- #14 Yaarmi Tycoon
88% match2 user reviews50% of 2 reviews2025
Dev: Yago Arribas Miguel
Windows
Start as a small content creator and build your own YouTube empire. Upgrade your PC, produce videos, earn money and grow your channel into a massive content factory.
Why similar: Economy 20.2%, Time Management 20.1%, Life Sim 13.2%, Simulation 13%, Management 12.6%
- #15 Pumping Simulator 2
87% matchVery Positive92% of 1,672 reviews2023
Dev: Lance Games
Windows
Median: 14.4 hrsMean: 16.9 hrs≥1hr: 89%
A gas station management game, start by selling a car to raise funds and invest in an abandoned plot of land. Build, expand, and upgrade your gas station, diversify services, customize and manage time efficiently during peak hours. And maybe you will become rich
Why similar: Life Sim 22.7%, Time Management 22.7%, Economy 18.7%, Simulation 14.4%, Management 11.8%
- #16 Pawn Legends
86% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Project GAMMA
Windows
Welcome to the most realistic Pawn Shop Simulator out there! It is time to make the dream a reality-open your own unique Pawn Shop in stunning Sunset Bay, and become #1 Pawn Shop in the Region! Pawn Shop Management, Buy and Sell, Negotiate, Upgrade and Expand, and so much more!
Why similar: Economy 23.1%, Life Sim 22.9%, Simulation 22.4%, Management 16.1%, Resource Management 9.6%
- #17 Motel Life Simulator
86% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Shadow Owl Studios
Windows
This is your chance to be the owner of Motel. Build, Renovate and expand your Motel empire. Clean the rooms and look after the needs of your guests like Food, Entertainment and Comfort. Create a ultimate Road side stop for everything a traveler needs.
Why similar: Life Sim 21.8%, Economy 19.4%, Time Management 19%, Simulation 12.5%, Management 12%
- #18 Bar Master
84% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: NoBrain Studio
Windows
Bar Master is a management game where you play as a bar owner and must develop your business. Start by serving beers in a simple bar, hire waiters, unlock new drinks, expand your bar, and buy new bars in the city!
Why similar: Economy 20.8%, Simulation 20.2%, Life Sim 19%, Management 18.4%, Resource Management 9.3%
- #19 Call Center Tycoon
84% matchMixed69% of 13 reviews2024
Dev: zedzag
Windows
Call Center Tycoon is an office management game where the goal is to get the best out of your employees. Keep your employees' stress levels low and they will perform better increasing your profits and your market share. Make key decisions and watch the action unfold.
Why similar: Time Management 18%, Satire 16.2% ★, Management 14.5%, Economy 14.2%, Simulation 13.2%
- #20 Project manager SIM
83% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Escapismogames
Windows
Manage the most unpredictable resource - people - in this WASD tycoon! Plan projects, hire a dream team, assign tasks to specialists, and monitor the budget while upgrading your office. Balance between team burnout, complex contracts, and the wrath of upper management.
Why similar: Economy 23.2%, Time Management 22%, Management 18.1%, Simulation 14.5%, Resource Management 14.3%
- #21 Salvage Shop Simulator
82% matchMixed41% of 107 reviews2026
Dev: GameFormatic S.A.
Windows
Enter the world of shopkeepers trading in reclaimed goods! Bid for the best items at auction, prepare and clean the bought items, and then sell them in your shop. Test your skills and watch your business grow!
Why similar: Life Sim 28.2%, Simulation 24.1%, Economy 13.9%, Time Management 11.8%, Management 11.6%
- #22 Crypto Trading Simulator
82% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: BES Games
Windows
Trade volatile crypto markets in real time, build automation bots, and upgrade your home-office into a capable trading setup. With bills rising and pressure mounting, every decision can push you toward profit or wipe you out.
Why similar: Time Management 22.7%, Economy 19.3%, Life Sim 19%, Simulation 12.5%, Resource Management 11.7%
- #23 Individual Invest Tycoon 2
81% match8 user reviews88% of 8 reviews2026
Dev: chenjd
Windows
A single betrayal shattered your father’s business empire, leaving behind five public companies. Years later, you return from the bottom of the market, building capital through long-term investment. Your ultimate goal is simple: buy out and take full control of all five companies.
Why similar: Economy 21.4%, Life Sim 21.2%, Time Management 18.2%, Management 12.3%, Simulation 11.7%
- #24 Candy & Toys Store Simulator
81% matchVery Positive83% of 196 reviews2024
Dev: Ox Games
Windows
Run your own candy and toys store. Order supplies, receive deliveries, stock shelves, hire employees, set prices, and expand your business. Unlock a Gaming Club across the street, place arcade machines and billiard tables, set profits, and collect earnings.
Why similar: Economy 23.7%, Life Sim 23%, Time Management 16.4%, Simulation 15.9%, Management 15%
- #25 retro life
80% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Nick LoGalbo
Windows
create the life of your dreams, in this classic real time life simulation/rpg game. will you become the success story to make your parents proud? or a hopeless loser? the choice is yours
Why similar: Life Sim 24.3%, Time Management 19.3%, Economy 16.9%, Simulation 11.3%, Management 10.3%
- #26 Sunny Blooms Garden Center
79% matchMixed53% of 15 reviews2026
Dev: Msoft
Windows
Create your dream garden center! Design, decorate and stock it with stunning plants to wow customers and earn top ratings. Manage staff, suppliers, and finances to stay ahead of the competition. Take control of stock management, interact with cash registers and experience the day-to-day operations.
Why similar: Economy 28.4%, Simulation 26.6%, Management 17.1%, Resource Management 14.2%, Life Sim 12.9%
- #27 Alien Market Simulator
77% matchVery Positive86% of 146 reviews2026
Dev: Silly Sloth StudiosPub: Shadow Owl Studios
Windows
Run a market on your space station. Restore and upgrade the station, expand your services, and sell to a variety of alien customers. Experience the challenge of managing a business in space and growing your market
Why similar: Economy 21.2%, Life Sim 20.8%, Time Management 20.4%, Management 13.4%, Simulation 12.2%
- #28 King of Stocks
79% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2024
Dev: MaruMaru
Windows
Welcome to King of Stocks! This is an engaging simulated stock trading game that allows you to experience the excitement and challenges of stock market investment. You can utilize your intelligence and insight to succeed in the market.
Why similar: Simulation 21.5%, Economy 20.4%, Life Sim 15.4%, Time Management 14.7%, Resource Management 13.1%
- #29 Cafe Connect
78% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Dogs Indie Games / Daniel F.
Windows
Repair, upgrade, and build PCs for your first customers to pave your way to self-employment. Open your own internet café, build custom gaming PCs, and expand your shop step by step. Your success starts with a screwdriver.
Why similar: Life Sim 25.8%, Time Management 23%, Simulation 22.4%, Economy 13%, Management 9.2%
- #30 Final Life Simulator
77% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Sergio Garcia
Windows
Master your destiny in a high-fidelity life & business simulator. Manage health, climb your career, create companies, and diversify in real estate & stocks. No 3D distractions—just you and your strategy. From the park bench to a global monopoly.
Why similar: Life Sim 24.4%, Time Management 19.9%, Economy 19.1%, Simulation 16.3%, Resource Management 6.8%
- #31 Cinema Simulator 2025
76% matchMostly Positive78% of 566 reviews2025
Dev: HOGO Games
Windows
Median: 3.5 hrsMean: 5.7 hrs≥1hr: 72%
Cinema Simulator 2025 is a simulation game where you will manage your own movie theater and test your strategy and management skills. Starting from a small movie theater, try to become a giant in the movie industry.
Why similar: Time Management 20.7%, Life Sim 19.5%, Economy 17.6%, Management 12.6%, Simulation 11.2%
- #32 Drink Stand Tycoon
78% match8 user reviews88% of 8 reviews2023
Dev: 109 Below
Windows
Drink Stand Tycoon is a casual business management tycoon game. Whether you're looking to relax and manage stats or destroy the competition, Drink Stand Tycoon offers an approachable yet detailed experience both new and old tycoon fans will enjoy!
Why similar: Economy 21.2%, Life Sim 21%, Time Management 14.4%, Management 14.2%, Simulation 13%
- #33 Not Today: Homeless Survival
76% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Blue Pixel Games
Windows
Survive 30 unforgiving days on the streets before a deadly blizzard hits. Hustle for change, dumpster dive, or risk it all by picking pockets and dodging cops. Balance your hunger, hygiene, and morale. The city doesn't care if you live or die, prove it wrong.
Why similar: Life Sim 30.8%, Time Management 29.7%, Simulation 27.4%, Resource Management 10.5%, Indie 0.9%
- #34 My Music Label
74% matchNo user reviews56% of 9 reviews2026
Dev: Tristan Glowa
Windows
My Music Label is a music management and simulation game where you take full control of your label. Discover young talents, manage legendary artists, and shape the evolution of the music industry. Every decision influences careers and the history of music.
Why similar: Life Sim 27%, Time Management 25.6%, Simulation 22.5%, Management 13.1%, Resource Management 8.1%
- #35 SELF MADE: Investment Life Sim
74% matchPositive78% of 35 reviews2026
Dev: Billmeade Gaming
Windows · Mac · Linux
Build your empire from a basement. Trade stocks, run companies, date, raise kids, dodge the SEC, and retire a legend — or go broke trying.
Why similar: Life Sim 23.8%, Economy 16.1%, Simulation 15.2%, Time Management 14.6%, Management 8.1%
- #36 Big Ambitions
75% matchVery Positive93% of 13,061 reviews2023
Dev: Hovgaard Games
Windows · Mac
Median: 11.1 hrsMean: 25.0 hrs≥1hr: 88%
Big Ambitions is a revolutionary role-playing business sim. Go from nothing to the biggest entrepreneur in New York by opening small businesses or slowly building huge corporations any way you like.
Why similar: Economy 24.8%, Management 20.6%, Life Sim 19%, Time Management 12.9%, Simulation 12%
- #37 Police Station Simulator
75% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Ragged GamesPub: PlayWay S.A.
Windows
You’re in charge of a run-down police station. Will you manage to restore it to its former glory? Arm yourself with some coffee and donuts, because there's a lot of renovation and micro-management work to do!
Why similar: Satire 19.5% ★, Time Management 18.8%, Life Sim 16.4%, Economy 13.9%, Resource Management 9.5%
- #38 Cafe Crew Simulator
72% matchVery Positive81% of 73 reviews2026
Dev: Woo Game StudioPub: PlayWay S.A.
Windows
Craft coffee masterpieces, grow your dream café, and sabotage the competition in style! Coffee’s hot, competition’s hotter!
Why similar: Life Sim 26.6%, Time Management 23.6%, Simulation 21.1%, Economy 15.9%, Management 9.6%
- #39 SEO or Die
73% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Zakhoda Oleksandr
Windows
Start with a single website and build a sprawling online empire. Grow traffic, manage clients, expand your team, and survive fifteen years of internet evolution in a life sim and business management RPG where every decision can lead to fortune or failure.
Why similar: Life Sim 20.2%, Time Management 17.9%, Economy 17.7%, Management 12.7%, Simulation 11.8%
- #40 Adventurers Guild Inc.
73% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: Vincent Launey
Windows
Adventurers Guild Inc. is a turn-based management game where you run the business behind the heroics! Hire staff, post quests, and fulfill adventurers' needs (while taking a cut). Manage your budget, build your reputation, watch adventurers scramble, and create the greatest guild of them all!
Why similar: Time Management 19.4%, Economy 16.6%, Dark Comedy 13.8%, Management 13.2%, Simulation 11.2%
- #41 E-commerce Simulation
72% match8 user reviews88% of 8 reviews2025
Dev: Picelu
Windows
Start your dream online store, pack your box, ship your orders, and make a name for yourself in the city! E-commerce Simulation is waiting for you.
Why similar: Economy 28.2%, Simulation 24.9%, Life Sim 20.5%, Management 17.1%, Strategy 5.9%
- #42 Patisserie Simulator
73% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Roasted Pepper
Windows
Run your own cozy patisserie and grow your fortune! Serve coffee, fresh pastries, and orange juice to customers, unlock new recipes, and decorate your patisserie to make it more charming and profitable.
Why similar: Time Management 30.5%, Economy 19%, Life Sim 16.7%, Management 14.5%, Simulation 12.7%
- #43 Fish Shop Simulator
71% matchMixed62% of 45 reviews2025
Dev: Lazy Turtle Games
Windows
Run your own aquarium shop in a cozy New York neighborhood. Buy and sell fish, aquariums, and decorations to friendly customers. Create beautifully decorated tanks and make a profit by selling them!
Why similar: Life Sim 28.6%, Time Management 24.8%, Simulation 22.8%, Economy 15%, Management 8.3%
- #44 Homeless Life Simulator
70% matchMostly Positive79% of 27 reviews2026
Dev: Bahamut Games
Windows
You’ve lost everything. Live as a homeless survivor on the streets. Fight to stay alive, rebuild your life, and see if you can climb from the streets to become the richest in the city.
Why similar: Life Sim 22.5%, Economy 22.5%, Simulation 20.7%, Management 15.5%, Time Management 14.4%
- #45 Grand Vista Hotel
71% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Games of Nilsson
Windows
Build, expand and manage your own growing hotel. Upgrade rooms, optimize elevators, keep guests satisfied and transform a small family hotel into a luxury destination.
Why similar: Simulation 27.4%, Economy 24.1%, Management 23.7%, Resource Management 17.1%, Strategy 4.5%
- #46 Post Office Simulator
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Splash Games
Windows · Mac
You are the new postal worker! Serve customers by sending and receiving packages and letters. Check the contents of boxes for prohibited items. Every decision you make has consequences. Decide whose side you're on.
Why similar: Time Management 25.2%, Life Sim 20.7%, Economy 20.1%, Simulation 14.4%, Management 13.7%
- #47 Unemployment Simulator
70% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Rebel Signal
Windows
Navigate the challenges of life without a job in Unemployment Simulator, a first-person survival experience where you manage your day-to-day needs, search for work, and try to stay afloat. Balance basic needs like food, hygiene, and sanity while facing the harsh realities of unemployment.
Why similar: Life Sim 25%, Time Management 20.2%, Simulation 15.3%, Economy 14.5%, Management 9.3%
- #48 Rest Area Simulator: Prologue
68% matchVery Positive86% of 111 reviews2026
Dev: Oriseus StudiosPub: PlayWay S.A.
Windows
Take over the gas station and convenience store at a roadside rest area and expand by purchasing new businesses. Manage a living world shaped by dynamic economy and random events. Upgrade your facilities, satisfy your customers, and play solo or with friends.
Why similar: Economy 21.8%, Simulation 21.7%, Life Sim 21.2%, Management 15.4%, Time Management 9.7%
- #49 Hustle Simulator
70% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Row 1114
Windows
Start your rags to riches story with little money to build up a small business empire in a quaint country town. Buy and sell cars, property, animals, stocks, crypto, much more variety. Construct your dream mansion to flaunt your wealth, however, getting there will be hard work.
Why similar: Economy 31.2%, Life Sim 24.4%, Management 17.5%, Simulation 17.3%, Resource Management 9%
- #50 Age Of GoldFarmers
68% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: PIXUS
Windows
Age of Gold Farmers is a black comedy sim about a NEET youth surviving on in-game currency. After failing at life, he discovers "gold farming." Grind for items, track market prices, and grow your channel—all while dodging your parents' glares and managing your health.
Why similar: Time Management 26.9%, Life Sim 22.8%, Satire 16.1% ★, Dark Comedy 14%, Simulation 9.2%
- #51 Quest & Rest: Inn Simulator
68% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Lazy Turtle Games
Windows
Run a cozy fantasy inn where adventurers rest, restock, and head off to glory. Assign quests, serve buff-granting ales, sell magical gear, and manage your guests—then watch their stories unfold from the comfort of your inn.
Why similar: Life Sim 22.5%, Economy 22.5%, Time Management 19.7%, Management 15.3%, Simulation 14.7%
- #52 Café Manager
67% match2 user reviews50% of 2 reviews2025
Dev: Sikitesens Lti.
Windows
Design it, manage it, own it! Create a cozy cafe, hire the best team, and turn your small business into the talk of the town. Customize every detail, keep your customers happy, and watch your profits grow. The best cafe is the one you build!
Why similar: Economy 27.5%, Management 19.5%, Simulation 18.6%, Time Management 17%, Resource Management 7.9%
- #53 Adventure Story
69% match2 user reviews50% of 2 reviews2023
Dev: LHP
Windows
Play the role of the Adventure Guild President of the Magic World. Manage and utilize every resource at hand. Dig out legendary stories from various regions and spread your guild name throughout the entire empire. Finally, obtain powerful artifacts hidden around the world.
Why similar: Life Sim 28.1%, Time Management 25.2%, Simulation 23%, Management 7.5%, Top-Down 5.7%
- #54 Garbage Collector
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Pixelifact
Windows · Mac · Linux
The city is full of trash… but what secrets lie hidden among the garbage? Hit the streets at sunrise, collect waste, and uncover the city’s forgotten mysteries! Upgrade your tools over time, collect faster, and progress on your trash-collecting journey!
Why similar: Simulation 32.1%, Time Management 21%, Life Sim 20.1%, Management 12.2%, Resource Management 11.1%
- #55 Fruit Mart Simulator
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Reality Fantasy
Windows
Run your own fruit store! Restock fresh fruits, design your store layout, and manage daily sales. Keep customers happy and grow your business into the most popular produce shop in town!
Why similar: Simulation 26.3%, Time Management 25.7%, Management 16.3%, Economy 15.2%, Resource Management 11.3%
- #56 Where's My Phone?!
66% matchNo user reviews
Dev: MajestyFluff Games
Windows
Where's My Phone?! is a casual, life-simulation game. Run around your house cleaning, getting ready for work, or decorating for your anniversary.
Why similar: Life Sim 27%, Time Management 23.3%, Simulation 18%, Satire 12.8% ★, Management 9.8%
- #57 国产游戏公司模拟
66% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Bear & Cat Studio
Windows
《Chinese Game Company Simulator》 uses genuine simulation data to reflect the market as a whole.you'll be dropped into a unique environment in which your every move affects the industry around you.As the underdog, you'll need to fight hard to flip the tables on your competitors dominating the market.
Why similar: Time Management 25.8%, Simulation 24.3%, Life Sim 22.8%, Economy 11.6%, Management 8.3%
- #58 Scream Operator: Haunted House Manager
66% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: Japhet Interactive
Windows · Mac · Linux
In this cozy-spooky management sim, you are in the control booth of your own haunted house dark ride! Balance heart-pounding scares with smart business choices to grow your profits and upgrade the ride to create the ultimate haunted experience for your guests.
Why similar: Economy 24.3%, Simulation 21.6%, Management 19.5%, Time Management 17.6%, Resource Management 10.3%