- #1 Hamster City
97% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Doonutsaur
Windows
Hamster City is a relaxing idle-building simulator where roads and buildings fuel your food-gathering empire! Build, unlock, and let your city grow in the background as you climb the leaderboard to become the top Chief!
Why similar: City Builder 28.9%, Idler 27.4%, Building 13.8%, Management 9.5%, Simulation 7.1%
- #2 Stardustry
96% matchNo user reviews
Dev: CherryBit Studios
Windows · Mac · Linux
You are the new manager of Stardustry, the pinnacle of resource extraction and production in outer space! Mine ores, process them and create complex resources in this chill industry simulator set in space.
Why similar: City Builder 30.7%, Strategy 16%, Simulation 12.4%, Economy 11.6%, Building 9.9%
- #3 Pico Islands
96% match6 user reviews67% of 6 reviews2025
Dev: BitSpree GmbH
Windows · Mac
Lead your settlers to build cities in a medieval island world.
Why similar: City Builder 23.9%, Economy 15.1%, Idler 13%, Building 8.9%, Management 8.2%
- #4 The Archaeologists
95% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: dogvsbear
Windows · Linux
The Archaeologists is a single-player settlement builder. Establish multiple settlements through manufacturing and trade. Raise great structures across the mountain to link them into one interconnected economy. Dig into the rock to unearth valuable artifacts and uncover a forgotten past.
Why similar: City Builder 33.4%, Economy 15.6%, Strategy 12.6%, Simulation 11.1%, Management 9.9%
- #5 Dubai Simulator
94% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Creativity ARPub: PlayWay S.A.
Windows
In Dubai Simulator, you'll have the chance to design and build your dream city, complete with towering skyscrapers, bustling streets, luxurious resorts, and awe-inspiring landmarks.
Why similar: City Builder 32.2%, Simulation 14.8%, Economy 12.3%, Strategy 10.8%, Building 10.6%
- #6 Aquis
94% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Oromith Games
Windows · Mac
Aquis: A strategic elemental adventure where a human mage, stranded in a mystical world, must collaborate with elemental beings to mend a portal breach. Battle shadow creatures, restore harmony, and seek a path back to Earth.
Why similar: City Builder 33.2%, Economy 16.3%, Building 13.9%, Strategy 9.7%, Management 8.8%
- #7 Complex SKY
93% matchNo user reviews
Dev: MomosundeassPub: CRITICAL REFLEX
Windows
COMPLEX SKY is a futuristic city building game with a unique architecture system - build the city both ways, up and down! The world is devastated by pollution, and it’s up to you to create a fully self-sustainable city in the skies, and populate it with human settlers.
Why similar: City Builder 20.7%, Economy 12.9%, Building 10.2%, Futuristic 8.4%, Minimalist 8.1%
- #8 Cities XXL
92% matchMixed40% of 2,356 reviews2015
Dev: Focus Entertainment
Windows
Median: 3.6 hrsMean: 51.1 hrs≥1hr: 87%
Design, build, and manage the world’s largest and most diverse cities in Cities XXL. Bigger and better than ever before with a more powerful game engine and new interface, become the mayor of your very own sprawling metropolis.
Why similar: City Builder 40.1%, Economy 17.5%, Building 14.9%, Management 9.4%, Simulation 9.3%
- #9 Settlemoon
91% matchVery Positive86% of 279 reviews2023
Dev: Lepioid LLC
Windows
Median: 4.0 hrsMean: 34.1 hrs≥1hr: 70%
After the moon vanished, the fantasy world of Settlemoon lays abandoned in darkness. Re-light the skies, and provide a rest stop for adventurers in a town that updates in real time. Grow your town to attract strange visitors, and discover happened to this world.
Why similar: City Builder 27.8%, Idler 23.2%, Minimalist 12.3%, Building 10.7%, Simulation 8.2%
- #10 Anno 2205™
91% matchMostly Positive70% of 6,263 reviews2015
Dev: Blue BytePub: Ubisoft
Windows
Median: 10.1 hrsMean: 54.9 hrs≥1hr: 89%
In Anno 2205™, you join humankind‘s next step into the future with the promise to build a better tomorrow. You conquer Earth, establishing rich, bustling cities and grand industrial complexes, but to secure the prosperity of your people, you must travel into space.
Why similar: City Builder 36.9%, Economy 12.6%, Strategy 11.2%, Futuristic 9.6%, Simulation 6.7%
- #11 Oceanopolis 2000
90% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Andrew ConnellyPub: Andrew Connellt
Windows
Build the future under the sea in this retro sci-fi city tycoon.
Why similar: City Builder 21.1%, Idler 15.9%, Economy 10.3%, Building 8.6%, Strategy 8.2%
- #12 Trailer Park Life
89% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Northern Dev Studio
Windows
Build and manage your own trailer park to either become a peaceful haven or a pit of unruly partiers. Expand on services and amenities to keep tenants happy. Manage staff to keep your park safe and clean or let chaos run amuck and risk it all for higher gains.
Why similar: City Builder 39.2%, Building 14.9%, Simulation 13.4%, Economy 12.7%, Management 12%
- #13 Moon Tycoon
89% matchMixed44% of 32 reviews2019
Dev: Anarchy Enterprises
Windows
This is the original Moon Tycoon city-building game back from 2001! Remember building vast lunar colonies, then destroying them with meteors and asteroids? Blast off again with the first 3D Sim game, back to the old days on the dark side of the moon. Feeling nostalgic?
Why similar: City Builder 24.8%, Strategy 12%, Management 11.6%, Building 9.9%, Simulation 9.8%
- #14 Chinese Empire: Prologue
88% matchNo user reviews
Dev: YeyunaPub: G11 S.A.
Windows
Chinese Empire is an economic city-building strategy taking place in the picturesque areas of China. The prologue will introduce you to the world of Chinese Empire!
Why similar: City Builder 34.3%, Economy 15.9%, Building 14.6%, Strategy 13.6%, Simulation 10.4%
- #15 Urbanist
86% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Halfcooked Games
Windows
Thousands of citizens, each with a life of their own. Urbanist is a strategy and simulation game about transforming small settlements into thriving cities and vibrant neighborhoods. Build up your island, manage resources and production chains, and earn your reputation as the next great Urbanist.
Why similar: City Builder 33.9%, Building 15.5%, Economy 12.8%, Strategy 9.6%, Management 9.4%
- #16 Candy Machine
87% matchMostly Negative34% of 50 reviews2017
Dev: Colossal Wreck
Windows
Median: 3.4 hrsMean: 206.4 hrs≥1hr: 95%
Run a candy factory. Place machines and conveyors and feed them different mixtures of ingredients to create candy
Why similar: Idler 24.7%, Economy 17.5%, Building 14.2%, Management 10%, Minimalist 9.9%
- #17 Corral
86% matchMixed61% of 23 reviews2018
Dev: The Sherrinford
Windows
Welcome to your corral, enter the cutthroat business of raising the perfect brood and a successful ranch. Breed and mix more than 15 chicken breeds to achieve your needs. Club a few predators on the head. Create a Fried Chicken Empire or become the largest wholesale egg vendor on the valley.
Why similar: City Builder 31.6%, Economy 20.5%, Simulation 15.9%, Family Friendly 11.2%, Management 11%
- #18 Chinese Empire
84% matchMostly Negative39% of 36 reviews2024
Dev: Yeyuna
Windows
Chinese Empire is an economic city-building strategy taking place in the picturesque areas of China. Create your own new empire that will go down in history!
Why similar: City Builder 34.7%, Economy 16.9%, Building 15.4%, Management 10.7%, Strategy 10.6%
- #19 Anno 2070™
85% matchMixed60% of 12,622 reviews2011
Dev: Blue BytePub: Ubisoft
Windows
Median: 10.5 hrsMean: 30.9 hrs≥1hr: 90%
Build your society of the future, colonize islands, and create sprawling megacities with multitudes of buildings, vehicles, and resources to manage.
Why similar: City Builder 44.6%, Strategy 14.9%, Economy 11.3%, Futuristic 9.8%, Simulation 6.8%
- #20 Shopping Center Tycoon
84% matchPositive82% of 39 reviews2023
Dev: Musa GUNGOR
Windows
Shopping Center Tycoon Is : Market Simulation & Tycoon and Improve your market. Grow, Design and Manage your Shopping Center with the right Strategy.
Why similar: City Builder 21.4%, Economy 16.8%, Building 15.9%, Management 14.4%, Strategy 13.4%
- #21 Idle Commonwealth
82% matchMixed66% of 103 reviews2025
Dev: Qbusik Games
Windows
Idle Commonwealth is an idle game that pays homage to the best of the idle genre. Start small, grow your commonwealth, maintain morale, establish governance, invent technologies, trade and conquer your neighbors.
Why similar: Idler 28.7%, City Builder 26.2%, Building 10.5%, Strategy 8.4%, Economy 7.9%
- #22 Hearth and Hamlet
83% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Phorust StudiosPub: Runic Forge
Windows
Gather resources and grow your settlement from a humble camp into a vibrant, magic-filled kingdom! Hearth and Hamlet is an incremental citybuilder game in a cozy pixelart style. Assign workers, unlock new buildings, policies, and magic, trade with faraway lands, and construct your ideal settlement!
Why similar: Idler 26.4%, City Builder 21.4%, Strategy 12.3%, Economy 12.1%, Building 10.3%
- #23 Desktropolis
82% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Bean Juice Studios
Windows
Desktropolis is an idle city builder that lives quietly on the bottom of your screen while you work, game, or study.
Why similar: City Builder 25.3%, Idler 22.1%, Building 11.4%, Economy 11.2%, Strategy 7.7%
- #24 Cliff Empire
81% matchVery Positive87% of 4,340 reviews2019
Dev: Lion's Shade
Windows · Mac
Median: 4.0 hrsMean: 15.2 hrs≥1hr: 79%
After a nuclear war life on the surface became impossible. A 300m thick radioactive fog covered the Earth. We are looking for bold active people to manage the process of restoring life on Earth. Join!
Why similar: City Builder 25.7%, Economy 14.4%, Futuristic 10%, Building 9.7%, Management 7.7%
- #25 Oriontis
80% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Beacon 55
Windows
A large-scale narrative city-builder set across floating lands. Build 100+ structures, master production and sky trade, and transform a fragile colony into a thriving civilization.
Why similar: City Builder 33.3%, Strategy 17%, Economy 15.4%, Simulation 13.6%, Building 13.1%
- #26 Buildings Have Feelings Too!
81% matchMixed45% of 80 reviews2021
Dev: Blackstaff GamesPub: Silver Lining Interactive
Windows
An exciting new city-management/puzzle game about buildings and the city they inhabit. You must grow your city to a bustling metropolitan centre with an array of shops, offices, entertainment facilities and amenities, to help your buildings thrive; or risk them being demolished forever.
Why similar: City Builder 32.2%, Economy 19.7%, Building 13.7%, Management 12.7%, Strategy 10.9%
- #27 The City Must Grow
79% matchVery Positive81% of 70 reviews2021
Dev: Tunaic Games
Windows · Mac · Linux
A new city will be established on a flat plain and its administration has been given to you. In order to keep the administration in your hands, the city needs to develop continuously.
Why similar: City Builder 36.6%, Minimalist 19.5%, Building 11.8%, Simulation 9.1%, Economy 8.5%
- #28 Tile Cities 2
77% matchVery Positive95% of 64 reviews2024
Dev: yevhen8
Windows
City-building experience reimagined as a simple relaxing puzzle game bringing the original Tile Cities to a new level
Why similar: City Builder 31.3%, Strategy 18.3%, Simulation 14.5%, Minimalist 12.6%, Building 10.7%
- #29 20 Minute Metropolis - The Action City Builder
79% matchMostly Positive68% of 47 reviews2020
Dev: Dejobaan Games, LLC
Windows
Construct the infrastructure to rebuild civilization. Set up supply lines, mine skyscrapers for plastics, and find a place to process all the poop your people will generate. You have twenty minutes.
Why similar: City Builder 34.4%, Building 16.4%, Economy 11.9%, Management 11.7%, Strategy 8.6%
- #30 Ethics Empire
77% match2 user reviews100% of 2 reviews2026
Dev: Nullgrid Studios
Windows
Become the richest business owner in this strategy-based simulator, choose your playstyle trying to balance ethics and profits in this chaotic low poly world. Will you keep your ethical businesses thriving or will you let it all crumble down for a quick buck?
Why similar: City Builder 28.8%, Strategy 18.3%, Simulation 13.4%, Management 12%, Economy 11%
- #31 Project AURA
78% matchMixed64% of 698 reviews2018
Dev: Nexcentric Games
Windows
Median: 4.6 hrsMean: 8.1 hrs≥1hr: 82%
Project Aura is a micro management game where you lead a Colony of Climate Disaster Survivors. You have been assigned the mission to build an habitat capable of survival in this new unknown world.
Why similar: City Builder 31.4%, Economy 13.3%, Strategy 11.8%, Building 10.7%, Management 10%
- #32 Highrise Mogul
78% matchMixed51% of 53 reviews2021
Dev: Olli Arkko
Windows
Highrise Mogul: design, build and manage your own skyscraper. Make floor plans, place rentable rooms, hire staff, design a beautiful garden, manage your own power grid and much more!
Why similar: City Builder 31.9%, Economy 16%, Building 15.4%, Strategy 9.2%, Management 9.1%
- #33 Kıraathane Tycoon
76% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Cemil Bora Miskioğlu
Windows
Build and manage your own neighborhood coffeehouse. Serve tea, keep your customers happy, and turn a small kıraathane into a legendary chain!
Why similar: City Builder 31.2%, Strategy 15.5%, Simulation 13.7%, Economy 12.5%, Building 9%
- #34 Idle Transport Tycoon
76% match6 user reviews33% of 6 reviews2023
Dev: Eckalon
Windows
Build platforms to transport people, increase your customer population by buying and merging houses. Advance through levels.
Why similar: City Builder 30.5%, Idler 19.7%, Simulation 13.3%, Economy 11.4%, Building 9.8%
- #35 Copacetic
75% matchNo user reviews
Dev: BuhDan
Windows
Copacetic is a resource management game set inside a cube. Place factories and other modules around the walls of your mind, avoiding tangles as you wire them all together. Travel across the galaxy harvesting all sentient biological life. Space is limited, and the only enemy is you.
Why similar: Economy 14.8%, City Builder 13.1%, Building 12.9%, Minimalist 11%, Management 10.1%
- #36 Stakeholder Game
75% matchMixed41% of 17 reviews2022
Dev: BoneAppsPub: Bone Apps
Windows · Linux
Investment business simulation game. Become the richest billionaire ever! Build your financial empire out of merged companies and increase your capital.
Why similar: City Builder 25.7%, Economy 22.7%, Idler 13.2%, Simulation 10.9%, Strategy 10.5%
- #37 Box World: Space Courier
74% matchNo user reviews
Dev: 黑子游戏Pub: B站@畑黑子Hata
Windows
"Box World: Space Courier " is a minimalist sandbox-style strategy management game. In this playful and pun-filled miniature world, calmly sketch out your own little world~ Make money! Make money! And make more money!!
Why similar: City Builder 21.7%, Idler 18.8%, Economy 11.8%, Minimalist 8.5%, Building 7.3%
- #38 Orbital Nexus
74% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2025
Dev: ZxStudio
Windows
Start on a barren planet, expand your empire through resource management, fleet building, and planetary conquest. Discover cosmic relics, trade or fight with neutral factions, and build galactic wonders like particle colliders. Balance strategy, exploration, and combat to dominate the galaxy!
Why similar: City Builder 35%, Strategy 14.6%, Building 14.1%, Futuristic 13.9%, Sci-fi 8.5%
- #39 Pixel Airport Tycoon
73% match7 user reviews100% of 7 reviews2026
Dev: hans-juergen mueller
Windows
Build your own airport from the ground up! Construct terminals, runways, and refueling stations, manage baggage handling and catering, research new technologies, and expand your grounds. Become the most successful airport manager – tile by tile!
Why similar: City Builder 37.1%, Strategy 18.8%, Simulation 17.4%, Economy 12.4%, Management 8%
- #40 Kutha Stroom Rush
73% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2025
Dev: Radiant Deer
Windows · Linux
An electric-grid simulator game. Plan, build, and maintain your growing city's electric needs. Keep all of your electric grid users satisfied, watch your existing grid infrastructure, and build out to serve new users.
Why similar: City Builder 35.1%, Minimalist 15.2%, Simulation 14.5%, Building 12.6%, Strategy 12.1%
- #41 Macropolis
73% matchNo user reviews
Dev: RiceGames
Windows · Linux
A cozy 2D city-building game where you gather resources, upgrade buildings, and grow a small pixel town brought to life with cars, dynamic weather and beautiful sunsets.
Why similar: City Builder 38.6%, Simulation 16.6%, Economy 13.5%, Building 11.6%, Management 7.2%
- #42 Planet Coaster 2
70% matchMostly Positive72% of 12,780 reviews2024
Dev: Frontier Developments
Windows
Median: 6.1 hrsMean: 32.1 hrs≥1hr: 86%
Build and customise thrilling roller coasters and incredible water slides, manage the ultimate theme park experience, and share your epic creations. Are you ready to ride the wave?
Why similar: City Builder 27.6%, Building 16.6%, Economy 14.9%, Simulation 11%, Strategy 10.2%
- #43 Frack the World
72% matchPositive100% of 22 reviews2023
Dev: Beef Cat
Windows
Frack the World is a lite-management game where players run a hydrofracking company, balancing the challenges of generating oil while addressing environmental concerns.
Why similar: City Builder 33.2%, Strategy 16%, Simulation 15%, Economy 11.3%, Building 10.1%
- #44 Bonanza Burger
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Dawg Patch Games
Windows
Bonanza Burger: Build, manage, and compete! Design your restaurant, hire a top-notch team, and battle rival managers. Conquer challenges, expand, and prove you're the ultimate fast-food mogul!
Why similar: City Builder 31.8%, Strategy 15.7%, Simulation 14.5%, Building 11.4%, Economy 11.4%
- #45 Roadworks 2
72% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2021
Dev: Taxsoft
Windows
City building real time strategy economy simulation game. Manage the resources on the map and build a city connected through road networks of different types of road so that you can meet production targets.
Why similar: City Builder 34.3%, Economy 21.2%, Building 20.2%, Strategy 14.1%, Simulation 9.9%
- #46 ArchOlden
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Golden Possum
Windows
ArchOlden is a meditative puzzle-city-builder.
Why similar: City Builder 41.5%, Minimalist 18.3%, Building 17%, Strategy 15.2%, Base Building 6.9%
- #47 Pico Topia
71% match2 user reviews50% of 2 reviews2024
Dev: DNNIS
Windows
A tiny citybuilder where you combine tiles to gather points and unlock new ... tiles!
Why similar: City Builder 35.1%, Minimalist 17.3%, Strategy 11.3%, Building 10.2%, Simulation 9.2%
- #48 Cities: Skylines II
70% matchMixed54% of 86,513 reviews2023
Dev: Iceflake StudiosPub: Paradox Interactive
Windows
Median: 23.8 hrsMean: 72.6 hrs≥1hr: 94%
Raise a city from the ground up and transform it into a thriving metropolis with the most realistic city builder ever. Push your creativity and problem-solving to build on a scale you've never experienced. With deep simulation and a living economy, this is world-building without limits.
Why similar: City Builder 41.1%, Building 15.3%, Economy 14.5%, Simulation 9.9%, Management 9.5%
- #49 Isla Paradiso
70% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Paradiso Studio
Windows
Build and manage a tropical island economy, optimize production chains, research new technologies, and defend your growing settlement against pirate threats in this relaxing yet strategic city-building game.
Why similar: City Builder 33.8%, Economy 17%, Building 14.4%, Strategy 9.6%, Management 9.3%
- #50 Geopogo Cities: Windsor–Detroit
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Geopogo
Windows
A real-world city-building simulation where you shape the future of downtown Windsor–Detroit. Zone, redevelop, and experiment with growth using real map data in a living urban sandbox.
Why similar: City Builder 33.4%, Strategy 16.2%, Simulation 14.3%, Economy 9.8%, Building 8.6%
- #51 Chess Club Manager
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Pouet
Windows · Linux
Build and manage your own chess club from the ground up. Recruit amateurs, train them into champions, expand your facility, and rise to global fame.
Why similar: City Builder 37.8%, Economy 18.8%, Simulation 12.1%, Strategy 10.4%, Management 10.2%
- #52 Model Railway Millionaire
69% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2023
Dev: Redbrick Studios Ltd
Windows
Model railway builder with economy simulation. Edit the terrain, build the track, and place all the highly detailed objects to create exciting model railway layouts! Deliver food and row materials to the cities to earn money and expand your world! Be a model railway millionaire!
Why similar: City Builder 32.3%, Strategy 15.4%, Simulation 14.1%, Economy 11.5%, Building 9.8%
- #53 Fireworks Incremental
68% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Frajda Games
Windows
Launch fireworks, cause explosions and watch the sky light up. Hire new units, unlock buildings and automate your fireworks empire. Watch as the fireworks spectacle grows and the Booms number goes up in this addictive incremental game!
Why similar: Idler 22.6%, Economy 12.6%, Minimalist 11%, Building 10.5%, Strategy 9%
- #54 Feed The Forest
68% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Indoor Sunglasses
Windows · Linux
A short, innocent incremental forest-builder. Unlock snail powers to spread life in a barren desert. Feed the mysterious Forest with juice. And remember: Blood is a type of juice.
Why similar: Idler 19.9%, City Builder 19.6%, Economy 14.4%, Building 10.4%, Minimalist 9.7%
- #55 Gargantua
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Abdullah Furkan DoğanPub: AFD
Windows · Mac · Linux
Build your spaceship-city Gargantua. Forge industries, bend the free market, trade between planets, and defend your growing wealth. Every bullet is bought or produced in a simulated economy where a single mistake can shatter supply chains and trigger interstellar crises. In Gargantua, war is money.
Why similar: City Builder 32.1%, Economy 15.1%, Building 13.7%, Strategy 8.4%, Management 7.5%
- #56 Farewells clicker
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Team Square
Windows
Farewells Clicker is an addictive blend of clicker and city builder! Expand your island, develop your city, and produce resources endlessly. Upgrade your buildings and skills through a vast skill tree to progress further and further!
Why similar: Idler 29.5%, City Builder 26.2%, Building 15.4%, Strategy 10.2%, Simulation 7.6%
- #57 Starship Factory
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: BumbleRat Games
Windows · Mac
Starship Factory is a construction / space simulation game where you build, test, and optimize rocket production for Mars colonization.
Why similar: City Builder 29.7%, Minimalist 12.6%, Strategy 10.6%, Futuristic 9.3%, Simulation 9.2%
- #58 My Building
65% matchNo user reviews47% of 15 reviews2026
Dev: Your Buildings Co.
Windows
Look at your building. Watch your building. Earn item drops. It's yours to experience!
Why similar: Idler 33.5%, Economy 14.3%, Simulation 12.8%, Building 12.1%, Minimalist 10.4%
- #59 RollerCoaster Tycoon® 3: Complete Edition
67% matchVery Positive88% of 2,812 reviews2020
Dev: Frontier DevelopmentsPub: Atari
Windows · Mac
Median: 48 minMean: 8.4 hrs≥1hr: 45%
Build the park of a lifetime and rediscover the critically acclaimed rollercoaster simulation bestseller. Feel the thrill of a genre-defining classic, complete with two huge expansion packs.
Why similar: City Builder 31.4%, Building 18.8%, Management 15.9%, Strategy 11.6%, Simulation 8.9%
- #60 Cities: Skylines
66% matchVery Positive93% of 286,936 reviews2015
Dev: Colossal OrderPub: Paradox Interactive
Windows · Mac · Linux
Median: 10.0 hrsMean: 65.0 hrs≥1hr: 87%
Cities: Skylines is a modern take on the classic city simulation. The game introduces new game play elements to realize the thrill and hardships of creating and maintaining a real city whilst expanding on some well-established tropes of the city building experience.
Why similar: City Builder 47.1%, Building 14.8%, Economy 10.9%, Management 9.1%, Simulation 8.9%