- #1 Utopia
78% match8 user reviews75% of 8 reviews2022
Dev: 박지훈Pub: Team Utopia
Windows
Utopia is a 2D top-down view barrage shooting RPG game played alone. The protagonist sets out on a journey to face various threats that befall the utopia world. Fight against a variety of incoming enemies and save the utopia world!
Why similar: Bullet Hell 33.2%, Action RPG 28.5%, RPG 22.6%, Top-Down 6.3%, 2D 3.7%
- #2 Erdluitl - Legends of Below
75% match3 user reviews67% of 3 reviews2024
Dev: United State Machines
Windows
Erdluitl - Legends of Below is a 2D RTS inspired by Dungeon Keeper and old school titles from childhood. Dig and build dungeons, attract new creatures, manage population, train warriors and wizards, discover spells and assault your enemy !
Why similar: Strategy RPG 30%, Strategy 21.7%, Multiplayer 17.6%, Procedural Generation 8%, PvP 7.1%
- #3 Castle Selbst
74% matchNo user reviews2025
Dev: End DaniekPub: Grimm End Studios
Windows
Fight through a castle full of foes with cards and whatever weapons you can get a hand on. Face foes with an active time card based combat system, and build decks to gain the upper hand. Four towers stand a against you. May you find purpose traversing them.
Why similar: Bullet Hell 32%, Action RPG 24.2%, RPG 19.2%, PvE 12.4%, Top-Down 5%
- #4 Shenzhou Saga: Three Kingdoms
74% matchNo user reviews
Dev: SPARK NEXA PTE. LTD.
Windows
“Where can I behold Shenzhou? ”Shenzhou Saga: Three Kingdoms is a strategy RPG developed by SPARKNEXA. First Story Unveiled: Cao Cao's Whip - Players will experience the life of Cao Cao, stepping into historical events like the Battle of Guandu, and the Battle of Red Cliffs.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 52.7%, RPG 18%, Strategy 17.6%, Multiplayer 9.3%, Singleplayer 2.5%
- #5 Soul Hero Adventure
73% matchPositive94% of 17 reviews2024
Dev: RYY Games
Windows
A pixel-styled bullet hell strategy magic/fantasy CRPG
Why similar: Strategy RPG 30.8%, Action RPG 26.2%, RPG 22.7%, Strategy 6.2%, PvE 5%
- #6 SpellForce 3 Versus Edition
73% matchMostly Positive75% of 1,581 reviews2020
Dev: Grimlore GamesPub: THQ Nordic
Windows
Median: 2.1 hrsMean: 15.1 hrs≥1hr: 62%
The SpellForce 3: Versus Edition gives you the chance to enter the battlefields of Eo for free, letting you test your RTS skills against AI opponents or even other human players.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 26.3%, Action RPG 18.5%, Strategy 16.2%, RPG 15.4%, Multiplayer 12.2%
- #7 Blazing Dragon
72% matchNo user reviews
Dev: LIGA - Laboratório de Inovação, Games e AppsPub: Smyowl
Windows
Welcome to Blazing Dragon! An action roguelite where you'll face hordes of enemies while improving your character. Choose your hero and enjoy the journey through this magical and dangerous world!
Why similar: Action RPG 25.2%, Strategy RPG 24.6%, RPG 18.7%, Strategy 14.1%, Bullet Hell 13.9%
- #8 The Doors to Netherwhere
72% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Overhill Games
Windows · Mac
Foul foes approach. Prepare the villagers, organize your defenses, and decide whether to risk opening the Doors that have been sealed for generations. The Doors to Netherwhere is a rogue-like RPG inspired by classic JRPG set-pieces like the Esper Defense sequence from FFVI.
Why similar: Action RPG 25.3%, Strategy RPG 25.2%, RPG 25.1%, Strategy 22.1%, 2D 2.3%
- #9 Emmensity
72% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Dencil Legg
Windows
A top-down RPG Maker game.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 29.4%, Action RPG 22.9%, RPG 20.9%, Strategy 18.5%, Top-Down 4.5%
- #10 Touhou Spell Carnival
70% matchVery Positive85% of 73 reviews2025
Dev: Idea FactoryPub: Idea Factory International, Inc.
Windows
Reimu takes centerstage in Gensokyo in this bullet-hell and strategy RPG hybrid!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 26.4%, Bullet Hell 22%, Action RPG 18.2%, RPG 14.2%, Strategy 12.7%
- #11 Spell Boy
72% match3 user reviews100% of 3 reviews2024
Dev: BrainyWareHouse
Windows
Wizard/Mage RPG - combat centric - dungeon crawler where you have to master your spells to conquer the dungeons. It comes with handpicked spells and enemies to make enjoyable gameplay. Master the spells and conquer the dungeons!! Its a game of timing, coordination and strategy!!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 32.5%, Action RPG 22.6%, RPG 17.3%, PvE 12.8%, Strategy 4.6%
- #12 Nakamon
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Sword Slash Studio
Windows
Nakamon is a fast-paced, strategic creature battler. Build your team of 5 Nakamon and outsmart your opponents in dynamic, speed-based combat. With 16 elemental types and a wide variety of moves, every battle offers unique tactical challenges. Enter the arena and prove your skill!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 30.5%, Action RPG 25%, RPG 16.8%, Strategy 15.1%, PvE 5.9%
- #13 The Twilight Witch
71% matchPositive93% of 14 reviews2024
Dev: Tyoumage
Windows
The Twilight Witch is a 2D pixel art RPG where you play as Mael, a young man from the village of New Larton. After your home-town is attacked and ravaged by a mysterious figure, you venture forth to tell of what happened and maybe, just maybe, find a way to stop the hooded aggressor…
Why similar: Action RPG 28.3%, Bullet Hell 26.4%, RPG 24%, PvE 5.1%, Top-Down 5.1%
- #14 Waifu Survivors
70% match9 user reviews78% of 9 reviews2024
Dev: Terra Bytes
Windows · Linux
Advance with badass heroines, customize your skills, and face bosses with unique powers in Waifu Survivors. Fight against hordes of monsters, explore diverse maps, and engage in epic battles. Get ready for an exciting journey!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 29.7%, Bullet Hell 22.2%, Action RPG 20.9%, RPG 10.9%, Strategy 10.5%
- #15 Unbalanced
70% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Aiden Rappoport
Windows
An RPG where the roles are switched and you play as a psychopathic killer who’s on a goal to create unbalance in a world of balance. You go through the lands of Statera, killing anything that gets in your way.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 30%, Action RPG 22.7%, Bullet Hell 20.6%, RPG 13.8%, Top-Down 5%
- #16 侠之信条
71% matchMixed50% of 153 reviews2022
Dev: weikeduoPub: Gamirror Games
Windows
明朝初年,武林领袖朱元璋在带领武林推翻元朝后,大肆屠戮武林人士。使得代表秩序的朝廷与代表自由的武林之间的矛盾再度激化。与此同时蒙古也勾结倭寇、海盗、五毒教等外邦势力意图重夺政权。
Why similar: Strategy RPG 39.8%, Strategy 25.3%, RPG 24.3%, Exploration 4.3%, 2D 3.6%
- #17 Mirastell
71% matchPositive82% of 11 reviews2021
Dev: Julia CondemiPub: Trexus183, LLC
Windows · Mac · Linux
Mirastell is a 2D Action-RPG with a unique flavor of turn-based combat, set on a mysterious, abandoned space cruise liner. Discover what lead to the fate of the passengers, and earn weapons and items by exploring, and defeating enemies.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 35.8%, Action RPG 28.1%, RPG 16.5%, Bullet Hell 8.5%, Space 4.8%
- #18 Futureal
69% match1 user reviews0% of 1 reviews2025
Dev: InScienceGames
Windows
Futureal is a Turn-Based RPG game set in a Near-Future Sci-Fi world. Battle your way through the world against the Superintelligent Robots.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 30.5%, Action RPG 23.7%, RPG 21.5%, Strategy 19%, Top-Down 4%
- #19 Valhol
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: MDH Software
Windows
** VERY EARLY WORK IN PROGRESS ** A brutal, turn-based trip to Valhol...
Why similar: Strategy RPG 40.3%, RPG 30.3%, Strategy 25.4%, Singleplayer 4.1%
- #20 Ninja Rift
68% matchMixed60% of 161 reviews2024
Dev: Stax Studio
Windows
Ninja Rift: Unleash Your Inner Warrior
Why similar: Strategy RPG 32%, Action RPG 20.6%, PvP 13.8%, RPG 10.4%, Strategy 9.4%
- #21 The Entrance
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Shukurimu
Windows
A stage-select action battle game built around fast-paced, high-difficulty gameplay. Will this be your perfect entry point… or the beginning of your downfall?
Why similar: Action RPG 30%, Bullet Hell 27.6%, RPG 27.2%, PvE 8.6%, 2D 3.8%
- #22 Between Stops
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Too Tired Dev
Windows · Mac
Between Stops is a story-driven turn-based RPG with bullet-hell inspired combat. Dodge deadly boss patterns, shape character relationships, and unlock multiple routes where your choices permanently alter the story.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 25.6%, Bullet Hell 20.9%, Action RPG 16.1%, RPG 12.3%, Strategy 11%
- #23 Celestis
67% matchPositive100% of 11 reviews2024
Dev: Tasharen Entertainment Inc.
Windows · Mac · Linux
Celestis is a real-time strategy game where the goal is to take control of the procedural galaxy by capturing stars.
Why similar: Strategy 24.2%, Multiplayer 20.2%, Co-op 14.2%, PvP 9.8%, PvE 8.9%
- #24 三国:我是主公
67% matchMostly Positive74% of 31 reviews2023
Dev: THREE KINGDOMS
Windows
A war strategy game set against the backdrop of the turbulent times of the Three Kingdoms, where you can collect many famous generals from the Three Kingdoms for cultivation, meet other players to form alliances, collaborate and conquer the world, and write your own legendary epic.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 39.5%, Strategy 23.4%, RPG 15.2%, Multiplayer 9.2%, Top-Down 6.7%
- #25 Novastrive
68% matchNo user reviews
Dev: StateboiPub: Time Studios
Windows
Novastrive created by first time developers is a Sci-Fi Indie RPG game of your galaxy perishing in a clash with Milky Way's parallel world, Andromeda. During the clash, you collide with shards that turn you into a superhuman. You ponder if there are survivors, and plan to be a savior.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 29.4%, Action RPG 26.6%, RPG 22.2%, Bullet Hell 17.6%, 2D 2.6%
- #26 Salve a Fantasia
67% match4 user reviews100% of 4 reviews2024
Dev: Fox_Cami
Windows
Dynamic turn-based system based on Agility stats. Free class customization. Active Time Battles (ATB)
Why similar: Strategy RPG 37.7%, Strategy 18.6%, RPG 17.8%, PvE 13.9%, Exploration 5.5%
- #27 Humay
67% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2024
Dev: GVA Games
Windows
It is a fantastic adventure game.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 33.8%, Action RPG 28.6%, RPG 24.7%, Strategy 7.3%, Top-Down 2.9%
- #28 Brutal Bullet Hell RPG
68% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2023
Dev: TsaongamesPub: None
Windows
Avoid, fail, and rage, as you attempt to progress through the Brutal Bullet Hell.
Why similar: Action RPG 27%, RPG 26.4%, Bullet Hell 23.5%, Strategy 15.2%, Top-Down 5.6%
- #29 WorldQuest
69% matchMostly Positive71% of 87 reviews2018
Dev: Tier 9 Game Studios
Windows
Terraria + MOBA + RTS. Buy weapons and armours, use potions, and construct buildings to push your opponents back and plunder their base. Manage your team's economy while also fighting on the frontlines.
Why similar: Multiplayer 28.8%, Strategy 27.3%, RPG 22.1%, Action RPG 21.8%
- #30 FightArena
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: savejais
Windows
Duel against a friend or a stranger, or duel with a friend against others in a PvP and PvE multiplayer arena fighting game.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 28.5%, Action RPG 21.1%, Multiplayer 14.5%, PvP 10.5%, RPG 9.7%
- #31 Depths of Peril
69% matchMostly Positive80% of 166 reviews2010
Dev: Soldak Entertainment
Windows · Mac · Linux
Median: 18 minMean: 3.1 hrs≥1hr: 40%
Depths of Peril is a single player action RPG (role-playing game) with strong strategy elements. You play as a faction leader protecting the barbarian city, Jorvik, by destroying threatening monsters and completing quests. At the same time, you compete with rival factions to see who will rule the city.
Why similar: Action RPG 36.5%, RPG 30.8%, Strategy 27.9%, Singleplayer 4.9%
- #32 Yggdra Union
66% matchVery Positive94% of 288 reviews2023
Dev: Sting
Windows
In order to recapture her homeland, Yggdra gathers her allies and confronts the empire. "Yggdra Union" is a tactics RPG that features three elements: the "Union System", in which players team up with her allies to launch attacks, the exhilarating "Clash" through army battles, and the "Tactics Card".
Why similar: Strategy RPG 43.8%, RPG 27.5%, Strategy 21.9%, 2D 3.7%, Singleplayer 3.1%
- #33 Mad Wild Fairy Tale
68% match9 user reviews89% of 9 reviews2021
Dev: Morozov Sergey
Windows
Take control of the undead king. Manage your legacy domain and protect it from mortal trespassers. Mad Wild Fairy Tale is an Action RPG Strategy with hardcore survival and PvP-Trespassers mechanics. The game is set in a beautiful dark fantasy world.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 35.8%, Action RPG 19.3%, RPG 16.3%, Strategy 13.4%, PvP 5%
- #34 Shin Galaxy - Alpha War
67% match2 user reviews100% of 2 reviews2022
Dev: AJ To The Moon
Windows · Mac · Linux
A space shooter game with RPG mechanics. Players will be able to improve their ships to tackle the challenges ahead, as well as buy better ships and customize them.
Why similar: Action RPG 28.3%, Bullet Hell 24.3%, RPG 24.2%, PvE 6.2%, Top-Down 5%
- #35 Mages of Osmea
65% matchPositive83% of 29 reviews2024
Dev: Robin Spiess
Windows · Linux
Mages of Osmea is a top down spellslinging RPG where you create your own spells to defeat corrupted monsters. Fight through waves of monsters and bosses, completing objectives in singleplayer or with friends.
Why similar: RPG 19.9%, Bullet Hell 18.6%, PvE 13.9%, Action RPG 13.4%, Co-op 12.6%
- #36 Among The Dead
65% match7 user reviews71% of 7 reviews2025
Dev: Evan Palmer
Windows
Among the Dead is a turn-based zombie RPG. The player fights against zombies and other enemies and walks around a map from a top-down perspective.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 37.7%, Action RPG 29.3%, Strategy 23.7%, Exploration 4.1%, 2D 2.9%
- #37 RuneKingdom
66% matchNo user reviews
Dev: UDC
Windows
Explore a hand-crafted 2D world of adventure in RuneKingdom. Master 16 unique skills, battle 150+ fierce foes, craft legendary gear, and shape your legacy. Your epic journey awaits!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 34.6%, Action RPG 26.9%, RPG 24.3%, PvE 4.2%, Exploration 3.5%
- #38 FatSheep Crisis II
64% matchPositive83% of 24 reviews2024
Dev: FatSheep Studio
Windows
Roguelite casual game with various professions and equipment. After defeating enemies, your profession switches randomly, each with unique abilities. Play solo or with friends, explore hidden content, find the best gear, and defeat the final boss in co-op gameplay!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 24.6%, Action RPG 18.8%, Multiplayer 18.5%, RPG 14.7%, Strategy 11.9%
- #39 Portal Beasts
65% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Lasse ValentinPub: Valentin Games
Windows
Hunt, capture, and evolve powerful creatures across mysterious dimensions. Step through portals, battle wild Beasts, and uncover the secrets that lie beyond. Still in early development
Why similar: Strategy RPG 35.1%, Action RPG 27.4%, RPG 25.3%, PvE 5.1%, 2D 3%
- #40 SAVE THE KINGDOM SIMPLE RPG
64% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2025
Dev: SABBIR AHMEDPub: SA THE GAME FORCE
Windows
Embark on a heartfelt journey with a young orphan determined to follow in his heroic parent's footsteps. From a secluded life in the woods to the front lines of a kingdom in peril, uncover a hidden legacy and face down classic monsters. Will you rise to become the hero you were always meant to be?
Why similar: Strategy RPG 32.1%, Action RPG 24.8%, RPG 21.6%, Strategy 19.2%, 2D 2.3%
- #41 Unchained: Tale of Enra
65% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Box Garden GamesPub: USC Games
Windows · Mac
A tactical RPG where trust is your greatest weapon. Build bonds with allies to unlock abilities, negotiate with enemies to recruit them, and shape your journey through choices that blend strategy, diplomacy, and emotional storytelling.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 27.5%, Action RPG 25.9%, RPG 23.9%, Strategy 21.2%, Singleplayer 1.5%
- #42 Tome
64% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Normal Games
Windows · Mac
Tome is an Action RPG with deep character building. Find and craft powerful items. Equip your Tome with a unique combination of gems to forge novel skills to defeat hordes of monsters.
Why similar: Action RPG 28%, Bullet Hell 27.5%, RPG 15.7%, Procedural Generation 10.5%, Top-Down 7.4%
- #43 Moon 2999
62% match8 user reviews63% of 8 reviews2025
Dev: Moon 2999
Windows
Moon 2999 is a RPG game about Units & resources management, single-player or co-op action missions game set in a lunar base and its nearby space environment.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 30.6%, Action RPG 23.6%, RPG 21.5%, Strategy 18.3%, Multiplayer 4.6%
- #44 iRboth Original intention and first sin
63% matchNo user reviews2025
Dev: UK
Windows
There are a thousand ways to fight. This RPG features strategy-oriented battles where "distance" from the enemy is the key.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 48.7%, RPG 32.7%, Strategy 10.1%, 2D 5%, Singleplayer 3.6%
- #45 EARTHLOCK 2
63% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Snowcastle Games
Windows
Explore and transform the sands into an Oasis full of life. Turn your trusty Desert Ship into your mobile base of operations, and instill fear into your enemies. Rise to become the most formidable Explorer of Umbra!
Why similar: Action RPG 37.5%, RPG 25.9%, Strategy 16%, Multiplayer 14%, Exploration 3.5%
- #46 Stormshot
62% matchMixed48% of 131 reviews2023
Dev: FunPlus International AG
Windows
300 brilliant levels await! Come unveil the myth of Treasure Isle!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 38.8%, Bullet Hell 29.8%, Strategy 22%, RPG 9.4%
- #47 Who Is Real?
62% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Raşit Akgül
Windows
You're in a dark medieval tavern. Some are real players, hiding among lifelike NPCs. Watch closely, blend in, and reveal them — before they reveal you.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 34.4%, Action RPG 26.7%, RPG 25%, PvP 6.2%, Multiplayer 6.1%
- #48 MonkeyKing Chaos: VR
62% matchNo user reviews
Dev: 126EAST
Windows
Desperate battles against monsters of Giant scale in virtual reality. Bringing a raid against a giant boss in an online MMO to VR
Why similar: RPG 27.4%, Action RPG 25%, Strategy 22.2%, Multiplayer 8.7%, PvP 8.4%
- #49 Archvale
61% matchVery Positive89% of 2,361 reviews2021
Dev: idoz & phopsPub: Balor Games
Windows
Median: 7.3 hrsMean: 8.3 hrs≥1hr: 85%
Take up your weapon in this RPG bullet-hell world and embark on a journey to right wrongs from long ago. Only you can defeat the evil forces of the Undying guardians and reunite the world with the fabled Archvale.
Why similar: Bullet Hell 38%, Action RPG 30%, Co-op 10.7%, RPG 9%, 2D 3.9%
- #50 Forgotten Knight
62% match7 user reviews86% of 7 reviews2023
Dev: Team Forzero
Windows
It's a turn-based deck building RPG based on 2D dots. In an environment where attacks work differently on each turn, set the best strategy to defeat your enemies and upgrade your equipment to be stronger!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 39%, RPG 30.3%, Strategy 24.2%, 2D 3.9%, Singleplayer 2.7%
- #51 The 4th Horizon
63% matchNo user reviews2025
Dev: racgamestudio
Windows
Fourth Horizon is a turn-based RPG game set in a fractured world teetering on the edge of cosmic collapse. Players explore distant realms, harness rune power, and craft new power to ancient secrets. As the Fourth Horizon opens, every choice reshapes the fate of worlds.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 45.5%, RPG 20.4%, Strategy 17.6%, PvE 6.3%, Exploration 5.2%
- #52 Falnarion Tactics
64% matchMostly Positive75% of 28 reviews2019
Dev: Team Syukino
Windows
Falnarion Tactics is an SRPG that is reminiscent of classic Fire Emblem games. Take control of Felm and Momo as they separately lead the group of Shelminai into war alongside the allied kingdoms of Kessania and Inelda against the Garfarian Empire.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 63.7%, RPG 19.2%, Strategy 17.2%
- #53 Stronghold Defender
62% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Devotıon Labs
Windows
Defend your castle against relentless waves of enemies! Gather resources, recruit powerful units, and unleash devastating abilities to hold the line. With multiple tower types, deep skill trees, and ever-growing hordes, every battle pushes your defenses to the limit.
Why similar: Action RPG 26%, Strategy 25.6%, RPG 23.9%, Strategy RPG 22.3%, Singleplayer 2.3%
- #54 Exploration
60% match3 user reviews67% of 3 reviews2025
Dev: Software 2000Pub: MicroProse Software
Windows
Exploration is a strategy game of world conquest and discovery. Lead your empire, select your crew, and embark on expeditions to uncharted lands. Compete against legendary explorers. Every decision you make shapes your empire's rise to glory or fall into obscurity.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 34.1%, Action RPG 25.4%, RPG 16.2%, Strategy 14.7%, Exploration 3.7%
- #55 Embervale
60% matchMixed44% of 27 reviews2025
Dev: Embervale.TV
Windows
Welcome to Embervale, the ultimate idle fantasy RPG on Twitch and Steam! Dive into a magical world, strive to be the strongest player, and uncover unique treasures. Thrive in Adventures, where your strategic decisions with streamers and viewers determine your success and lead to victory!
Why similar: Strategy RPG 33.5%, RPG 24.6%, Strategy 20.9%, Multiplayer 8.4%, PvP 8%
- #56 Wizdom
61% match4 user reviews25% of 4 reviews2024
Dev: windfallsoft
Windows
Wizdom is a Role Playing Game、that focuses on the world of Medieval swords and magic. Overcome trials and save the world from demon lord.
Why similar: RPG 47.1%, Action RPG 35.9%, Procedural Generation 10.2%, Singleplayer 6.7%
- #57 Summoners War: Chronicles
59% matchMostly Positive77% of 11,844 reviews2022
Dev: Com2uS
Windows · Mac
Median: 1.2 hrsMean: 50.8 hrs≥1hr: 54%
The King of Rahil is looking for a Summoner to protect the kingdom against Tefo's enormous conspiracy. Explore a vast world with your Monsters by your side in this new Action RPG set in the Summoners War Universe.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 24.6%, Action RPG 19.6%, Multiplayer 16%, RPG 13%, PvP 10.2%
- #58 The world eater & Probiotic Hero Dungeon of Roguelike
60% matchNo user reviews
Dev: HiArda
Windows · Mac
"The world eater & Probiotic Hero Dungeon of Roguelike" is a roguelite action where you uncover world mysteries using the power of Probiotics.
Why similar: Strategy RPG 35.5%, Strategy 26%, RPG 24.4%, PvE 6.6%, Top-Down 5.3%