- #1 Orbital Salvager
97% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: RG GameDev, LLC
Windows
Orbital Salvager is a 2D space arcade simulation about mastering orbital mechanics to recover salvage ships from planetary orbit and deliver them to a salvage depot on time. Tether and tow salvage in various orbital patterns, manage fuel, and avoid obstacles in the daily and campaign modes.
Why similar: Space Sim 28.4%, Flight 20.3%, Space 17.1%, Physics 9.4%, Simulation 7.2%
- #2 Tiny Solar System
96% matchPositive94% of 16 reviews2022
Dev: James Wilder
Windows
A single player space game where you fly a rocket around a tiny solar system with realistic physics, including take off, orbiting, orbital transfers and landings. Help settling other planets and moons. No time limits, no stress. If you crash you just get rescued.
Why similar: Flight 18.4%, Space Sim 17.6%, Space 15.2%, Physics 12.3%, Simulation 7.3%
- #3 9.8
96% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: Tremoço Games
Windows
A 2D space agency simulator where every object follows the same orbital physics. Land on moons, build colonies, deploy satellites, and reshape entire planetary systems. Deorbit a moon if you want.
Why similar: Space Sim 19.7%, Flight 19.4%, Space 17.2%, Simulation 11.9%, Physics 11.7%
- #4 A Hole In Space
95% matchPositive80% of 29 reviews2021
Dev: Clever AIPub: Hoi 4 ED
Windows · Mac
A "small" universe simulation, where you play as a black hole and try to absorb the whole universe. You decide the size and shape of the universe. Could also be used as a less meaningful CPU benchmark.
Why similar: Space Sim 39.8%, Space 19.5%, Simulation 12.3%, Physics 9.9%, Relaxing 8.7%
- #5 GravBoost
94% match4 user reviews100% of 4 reviews2026
Dev: Emergent Dynamics Studio
Windows
In GravBoost, gravity is your greatest ally and your deadliest foe. Master the art of the gravitational slingshot to intercept orbital targets. Manage your fuel and time wisely in this physics-driven space sim where precision is the only way to survive the cosmic pull.
Why similar: Space Sim 33.1%, Flight 20.2%, Physics 16.5%, Space 11.9%, Simulation 11.5%
- #6 Centrifugal
94% match4 user reviews100% of 4 reviews2021
Dev: Merxon22
Windows
Navigate your rocket through the universe by using the centripetal and centrifugal forces! Wander around the stars and find your way home! Explore what's hidden at the end of the galaxy and have fun with your friends!
Why similar: Space Sim 22.7%, Space 19%, Physics 15.9%, Flight 11.2%, Arcade 10.8%
- #7 The Catastrophe
92% matchPositive91% of 11 reviews2025
Dev: Cucu Game Studio
Windows
Set off into space on your personal spaceship and rescue all the lost catstronauts! Navigate through flying obstacles while managing fuel and health. Don’t forget to watch your ship’s weight — it affects your maneuverability. Enjoy a relaxing gameplay experience with pixel art and cozy cosmic vibes!
Why similar: Space Sim 25.1%, Flight 21.2%, Space 14.3%, Physics 11.7%, Relaxing 6.9%
- #8 Asteroids Maneuvers
93% match4 user reviews50% of 4 reviews2021
Dev: INFINITE BRIDGE
Windows
Maneuver through Asteroids and collect Juice!
Why similar: Space Sim 32.2%, Flight 13.5%, Simulation 13.4%, Arcade 12%, Casual 7.4%
- #9 Search of Galaxy
91% matchMixed56% of 25 reviews2022
Dev: DRAGONnoid
Windows
After the supernova explosion, the Thermian race was destroyed. All knowledge, technologies and data about the past were lost. You must to restore civilization and explore the territories of your home system in search of lost technologies and artifacts.
Why similar: Space Sim 22.6%, Creature Collector 16.1%, Flight 15.4%, Hidden Object 10.2%, Base Building 10%
- #10 VR Lander: Lunar Edition
91% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2025
Dev: Timestep Studio
Windows
Take a giant leap as you pilot the iconic lunar module to a precision landing on a miniature moon landscape in this modern reimagining of a classic moon lander game.
Why similar: Space 21.1%, Space Sim 16.3%, Flight 11.4%, Physics 10.1%, Arcade 9.9%
- #11 Slingshot: Escape the solar system
89% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: indiega.me
Windows · Mac · Linux
Launch. Slingshot. Crash. Repeat. Slingshot is a pixel-art orbital mechanics arcade about gravity, fuel, and perfect timing. Chain flybys across eight planets, reach escape velocity, and tune in to Spacify : 12 destinations, 12 soundtracks, 100+ achievements.
Why similar: Space Sim 39.5%, Space 22.1%, Physics 17.2%, Exploration 8.9%, Indie 7.5%
- #12 Space Coaster VR
90% matchNo user reviews2023
Dev: Ryan Bissonnette
Windows
Jump into hyper speed and hold tight as you experience this galactic ride. Mars, Venus, Earth, the Stars and much more as you dive deeper into space. Remember the galaxy is vast and your journey starts here.
Why similar: Space Sim 31.3%, Flight 30.5%, Space 18.9%, Simulation 9.5%, Casual 5.3%
- #13 Zodiac Landing
89% match1 user reviews0% of 1 reviews2023
Dev: IdeaCompound
Windows
This is a rocket flight simulation game. You will control a rocket by left and right engines to fly in space and try to land on target platform, while enjoying beautiful nebulas and ambient music.
Why similar: Space Sim 38%, Flight 24.5%, Space 16.4%, Physics 9.4%, Casual 5.1%
- #14 SpaceShips
88% match8 user reviews63% of 8 reviews2021
Dev: 水华宝箱
Windows
A tense exciting space battleship shooting game. with developer strange voice. to collect space ships whilch you like.
Why similar: Looter Shooter 27.8% ★, Space Sim 20.9%, Flight 20.3%, Space 13.8%, Physics 10.3%
- #15 5hit Rocket
87% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Beardy Ramblin Games
Windows
A physics-based lander about precision flying and chaos. Explore Titan’s mines, land on the Moon, deliver kebabs across space and test your relationship in 2-player “Divorce Mode” with chain-linked spacecraft.
Why similar: Space Sim 32.5%, Flight 23.4%, Simulation 14.1%, Space 9.8%, Comedy 8.2%
- #16 Gravity Matters
86% matchNo user reviews2025
Dev: Nixiesoft LLC
Windows
Who needs gas when you've got gravity? Casual space flight enhanced with "borrowed" alien tech! Controller and Keyboard flight support
Why similar: Space Sim 32.5%, Flight 18.3%, Simulation 13.3%, Arcade 11.5%, Space 11.3%
- #17 Stellario
86% match5 user reviews67% of 6 reviews2023
Dev: Game SunlightPub: STuNT
Windows
In a large star field, the Spirit flies around and absorbs stars to build up mass and take on a different appearance. But you have to be careful on the journey - there are black holes scattered around the field, and also spaceships flying at unthinkable speeds.
Why similar: Space Sim 24.5%, Flight 22.8%, Creature Collector 22.6%, Space 8.6%, Arcade 7.6%
- #18 Voyager 2
85% match7 user reviews100% of 7 reviews2023
Dev: Rumor Games
Windows · Mac · Linux
Launch the Voyager space probe to the furthest depths of the Solar System! Use gravity to slingshot around planets and scan, orbit, or land on targets to earn stunning replays of your accomplishments.
Why similar: Space Sim 22.2%, Flight 20.1%, Space 15.6%, Physics 11.5%, Arcade 7.5%
- #19 Geospatial Exploration - Explore the real world in 3D and VR
84% matchNo user reviews2025
Dev: Boemien
Windows
Explore Earth in stunning detail! Fly through realistic atmosphere, discover landmarks with AI guide, and experience our planet like never before.
Why similar: Flight 25.6%, Space Sim 22%, Space 15.1%, Physics 10.1%, Exploration 8.3%
- #20 Stellar Stroll
83% matchMostly Positive77% of 13 reviews2023
Dev: Lightyear Interactive
Windows
Explore the cosmos with your furry friend and collect antimatter to open portals to different celestial worlds. Use gravity and momentum to navigate through planets, asteroids, and comets while avoiding black holes and space debris.
Why similar: Flight 21.2%, Space 18.7%, Space Sim 16.7%, Relaxing 8%, Exploration 7.4%
- #21 Last Horizon
84% matchVery Positive81% of 260 reviews2015
Dev: PixeljamPub: Akupara Games
Windows · Mac
Median: 18 minMean: 112.4 hrs≥1hr: 32%
Pilot the last vessel of a fallen civilization into the vast expanse of space. Collect resources and search for a new world to call home in this minimalist space exploration and survival game.
Why similar: Space Sim 29.1%, Space 18.4%, Flight 13.3%, Arcade 9.8%, Exploration 7.6%
- #22 Starship Fighters: Space Combat Simulator
82% match2 user reviews0% of 2 reviews2025
Dev: Hard Shark Games
Windows
Pilot your starship in Starship Fighters, a realistic space combat simulator. Engage in intense battles, explore vast galaxies, and unleash destruction with an arsenal of powerful weapons in a universe teeming with enemies!
Why similar: Space Sim 29%, Flight 21%, Looter Shooter 18.7% ★, Space 10.8%, Physics 7.4%
- #23 The Earth Sucks
82% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Insert Developer NamePub: Great North Gorilla
Windows
A casual space simulation game where you perform orbital manoeuvres on satellites to change their orbit and complete missions.
Why similar: Space Sim 38.4%, Physics 18.2%, Space 17.7%, Simulation 17.4%, 2D 4.2%
- #24 Low Earth Orbit Adventures
81% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Classyk Games
Windows · Mac · Linux
Low Earth Orbit Adventures is a chill space sim set in the near future where the space around Earth has become a frontier of science, commerce and diplomacy. Retrieve the Hubble, rescue astronauts, assemble space stations and many other missions in this realistic but friendly adventure.
Why similar: Space Sim 37.6%, Flight 21.3%, Physics 14.5%, Relaxing 10.1%, Space 9.7%
- #25 Sylph
79% matchMostly Positive71% of 14 reviews2026
Dev: Softmax Foundries
Windows
Operate a spacecraft at the edge of a singularity. Use realistic orbital mechanics and Newtonian physics to explore a star system around a black hole and what lies beyond.
Why similar: Space Sim 31%, Flight 29.6%, Space 14.9%, Physics 8.6%, Simulation 7.7%
- #26 SPL: Skilled Pilots Live
81% matchPositive92% of 12 reviews2020
Dev: Me Vs Game
Windows
SPL is a genre mix of fast paced looter shooter, souls-like and 3D space sim, with realistic physics dogfights.
Why similar: Looter Shooter 29.4% ★, Space Sim 26%, Flight 20.7%, Space 13.2%, Physics 8.6%
- #27 Leaving the formation
80% matchNo user reviews
Dev: D&A
Windows
Leaving the formation is a story-driven sci-fi combat simulation based on honest Newtonian flight physics.
Why similar: Space Sim 38.3%, Flight 22.5%, Space 18.7%, Simulation 11.7%, Physics 6.1%
- #28 Lightspeed
79% match2 user reviews100% of 2 reviews2024
Dev: MPS LabsPub: Atari
Windows
You're the only human in a huge, robotic space ship, flying at incredible speeds through deep space. Your mission: find and settle a new planet where humanity can thrive. Combat is inevitable, but you'll need more than flying skills to succeed.
Why similar: Space Sim 33.1%, Flight 31.5%, Space 19.9%, Simulation 11.1%, 2D 3.6%
- #29 ORBITAL
78% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Night Sky Dogs
Windows · Mac
A space adventure where you solve the mystery of your past, building a thriving civilization across a distant solar system. Fly your rocket as a commander, grow your colonies and build planet upgrades to conquer this unknown space.
Why similar: Space Sim 30.6%, Space 17.6%, Flight 16.5%, Physics 8.6%, Simulation 7.1%
- #30 Exo One
77% matchVery Positive90% of 5,153 reviews2021
Dev: ExbleativePub: Future Friends Games
Windows
Median: 1.8 hrsMean: 2.7 hrs≥1hr: 67%
A strange signal... an alien craft... an interplanetary, gravity-defying journey through space and time.
Why similar: Space Sim 23.5%, Flight 22.1%, Space 16.1%, Physics 11.3%, Relaxing 8.5%
- #31 Lane Drifter
77% matchNo user reviews2025
Dev: Lars "Juksefantomet" GravPub: Last Leaf Games
Windows · Linux
A sci-fi arcade dodger where you pilot a ship through asteroid fields using precision, gravity bombs, and mining tools. With no weapons, survive by drifting, dodging, and scoring based on distance and hazards avoided. What else might be lurking in this galaxy?
Why similar: Space Sim 36.1%, Flight 19.5%, Simulation 15.4%, Arcade 12.9%, Physics 8.3%
- #32 Planet Finder
76% matchPositive86% of 13 reviews2025
Dev: Artur Rezende
Windows
Earth is on the brink of collapse! Explore space, discover new planets, and gather vital resources to save humanity. No weapons, no wars—just you and the vastness of space. The future depends on you!
Why similar: Space Sim 24.6%, Space 15%, Relaxing 14.4%, Simulation 12.8%, Exploration 12.3%
- #33 Gravity Shot
78% match9 user reviews90% of 10 reviews2016
Dev: Intrepid Marmot
Windows · Mac
Median: 3.3 hrsMean: 4.7 hrs≥1hr: 75%
Sling shot explosive nuclear warheads into collision course with your planetary assassination targets. Using the gravitation of a planet against itself, while navigating your payload around asteroids, moons and even Black Holes for devastating effect!
Why similar: Space Sim 33.3%, Space 21%, Physics 17.6%, Arcade 11.9%, Simulation 7.3%
- #34 Ounba
76% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Haruka NitakaPub: Haftas
Windows
Dive into space in Ounba: collect coins, diamonds, ammo, and energy while avoiding enemy fire. Play solo or with a friend in split-screen, save anytime, and challenge the community across five unique levels with increasing excitement and challenges.
Why similar: Space Sim 31.8%, Flight 21.9%, Looter Shooter 12.2% ★, Simulation 11.6%, Physics 11.5%
- #35 Dreamship Sugarcube
74% match4 user reviews100% of 4 reviews2025
Dev: LimitlessBullet
Windows
Still confused and checking the fuel gauge mid-flight? Struggling to find the target when flying under a planet? Sorry, its all on the author! Due to low player numbers and the my internships, theres been no game update. If you enjoy it and have ideas for improvement, leave a comment or email us.
Why similar: Space Sim 32.9%, Flight 24.3%, Space 17.8%, Physics 12.1%, Simulation 6.7%
- #36 Space Mercs
75% matchMixed63% of 49 reviews2019
Dev: Bearded Giant Games
Windows · Linux
Space Mercs is an extreme arcade space combat game where the amount of projectiles and lasers on-screen is only toppled by the amount of stars in the universe! Will you be able to complete all the mercenary missions and become the best pilot in the Galaxy?
Why similar: Space Sim 31.2%, Flight 21.6%, Space 16.1%, Arcade 7.6%, Simulation 6%
- #37 Rakete
74% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Mario von RickenbachPub: Playables
Windows · Mac · Linux
5 thrusters, one rocket. Can you land it safely? Touch anything and you'll die. Play by yourself or with your friends locally, each player controls a thruster. Let the insanity commence!
Why similar: Space Sim 33.2%, Flight 24.9%, Arcade 11.3%, Space 10%, Simulation 9.8%
- #38 Slingshot Pilot
73% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2025
Dev: Denis Selensky
Windows · Linux
Master fast paced gravity manuevers in this arcade space game.
Why similar: Flight 27.8%, Space 23%, Physics 16.3%, Arcade 13.1%, Space Sim 10.5%
- #39 Nibiru Voyage
75% match6 user reviews17% of 6 reviews2021
Dev: Cow Game
Windows
Nibiru Voyage is a classic scrolling game with weapon upgrades and hordes of enemy ships.
Why similar: Space Sim 33.9%, Flight 26.4%, Arcade 12.9%, Space 10.7%, Simulation 10.4%
- #40 Tiny Space Academy
73% matchMixed63% of 54 reviews2021
Dev: Full Orbit Games LLC
Windows · Mac
Tiny Space Academy is a 2D space sim where you can grow your own space agency and explore our solar system with rockets you design! Learn basic orbital mechanics, run science experiments, and get your astronauts back to Earth safely.
Why similar: Space Sim 30.9%, Space 20.8%, Physics 15.4%, Simulation 10.1%, Exploration 7.4%
- #41 Orbit One
73% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Specific Impulse Interactive
Windows
Take to the stars and explore the solar system. Master the orbital mechanics of N-body physics. Plot a careful course to complete your mission.
Why similar: Space Sim 42.2%, Space 19.8%, Simulation 17.7%, Physics 17%, Indie 2.1%
- #42 Space Gas Station Simulator
72% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Baker Game Forge
Windows
Run Your Own Galactic Fuel Station! Restore an abandoned station, refuel starships, and grow your intergalactic business! Extract fuel, sell rare goods, and repair ships to keep customers happy. Expand your station, automate operations, and become the galaxy's most popular fueling hub!
Why similar: Space Sim 36.1%, Hidden Object 17%, Space 12.8%, Simulation 10.3%, Exploration 7.9%
- #43 Spaceflight Simulator 2
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Team Curiosity ✦
Windows · Mac
Build rockets and fly them around the Solar System in this realistic aerospace sandbox. Attempt landings, build space stations, drive rovers, perform spacewalks, explore alien worlds, and get your crew home safe.
Why similar: Space Sim 34.3%, Flight 19.9%, Space 13.3%, Simulation 8.9%, Physics 8.5%
- #44 Space Battle VR
72% matchMixed66% of 100 reviews2018
Dev: Raba Games
Windows
Space Battle VR is an action shooter set in space. It supports VR controllers to give you a real feel how it is to be a spaceship pilot. You can truly feel the cosmos with this game. Jump into an awesome adventure, help mankind, win a war, bring freedom and happiness to the universe. People need you!
Why similar: Space Sim 26.7%, Flight 22.1%, Space 16.8%, Physics 10.9%, Simulation 6.2%
- #45 Space Manager
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Trophy Games
Windows
Build, launch and manage realistic space missions across our solar system, placing satellites and telescopes in precise orbits. Explore planets, collect valuable scientific data and sell your findings to expand your rising aerospace empire.
Why similar: Space Sim 36.3%, Flight 15.7%, Space 13.3%, Simulation 10.6%, Physics 6.5%
- #46 Roids
70% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Braymatter
Windows · Mac · Linux
Explore a unique, procedurally generated galaxy filled with alien artifacts and resources to extract and exploit. Mine asteroids, harvest nebula, pilot unique ships and find new and strange things in the void between stars as you struggle to survive long enough to find another home.
Why similar: Space Sim 29.4%, Flight 20.9%, Space 11%, Simulation 7.9%, Physics 7.4%
- #47 VRAstroSmash
71% match2 user reviews0% of 2 reviews2021
Dev: 2REALVR
Windows
VRAstroSmash is a seated, casual scifi arcade style shooting VR only game. Destroy asteroids, space junk, and UFO'S. Up to 4k textures and 150000 polys. Ship auto upgrades through the game progression, such as auto fire, ship repair, increased weapon cooling, and flight controls.
Why similar: Space Sim 32.4%, Flight 24.4%, Space 17%, Arcade 10%, Simulation 7.8%
- #48 Void Cargo: Equilibrium
70% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Hammer&Hammer
Windows · Linux
Physics-based space trucking sandbox where you fly delivery routes, balance thrust and fuel, repair systems mid-flight, and take on higher-risk jobs for bigger payouts.
Why similar: Space Sim 30.9%, Flight 18.7%, Space 11%, Relaxing 9.3%, Simulation 7.4%
- #49 AESOS
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: SF Factory
Windows
Lead a spaceyard: juggle contracts, design, prototype, and build all types of ships—from single-seat fighters to giant cruisers. Create custom vessels to meet precise client specs, then take the helm yourself to prove their worth.
Why similar: Space Sim 33%, Space 21.2%, Flight 17%, Physics 13.9%, Simulation 11.5%
- #50 Kepler Project
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Kepler Project
Windows · Linux
Build rockets and shoot them into space. Once you reach orbit, you are halfway to explore anywhere in the Solar System.
Why similar: Space Sim 38.5%, Space 26.9%, Simulation 14.1%, Exploration 9.4%, Physics 9.3%
- #51 KemonoMix Re
67% matchPositive92% of 12 reviews2026
Dev: Rocket Studio, Inc.
Windows
『Kemono Mix Re』is a exploration, monster-raising simulation game where you nurture local lifeform called 'Kemonos' on a mysterious alien planet. Discover over 60+ Kemono species. Mixing Kemonos together, make your very own Kemono!
Why similar: Creature Collector 45.1%, Simulation 12.9%, Space 10.6%, Relaxing 9.8%, Cute 9.4%
- #52 SpiceX
68% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2024
Dev: b0giePub: Entrypoint Games
Windows
SpiceX is a fast-paced sci-fi arcade adventure where you play as a new employee testing the Inferno 1. Navigate zero-gravity and blast through obstacles on your way to Outer Spice. With precise controls and a neon cyberpunk vibe, action and finesse are key to survival.
Why similar: Space Sim 35.3%, Flight 24.4%, Arcade 12.1%, Simulation 10.5%, Exploration 7.6%
- #53 Slingshottr
67% match4 user reviews100% of 4 reviews2024
Dev: tentcoding
Windows
A co-op sci-fi featuring scrap, piracy, and your talkative line manager Clara.
Why similar: Space Sim 27.9%, Space 24.2%, Physics 17.3%, Arcade 10%, Exploration 5.6%
- #54 Under The Stars
70% matchNo user reviews2022
Dev: Sevufn
Windows
A space theme of a small casual shooting game. There are two perspectives, the character and the ship. The player can control the character/ship, dodge or shoot enemies, and replenish energy and various items consumed by collecting. Collect discarded parts and items to enhance character abilities.
Why similar: Space Sim 34.3%, Flight 31.1%, Space 20.1%, 2D 4.6%, Indie 3.5%
- #55 Solar 2
68% matchVery Positive91% of 2,209 reviews2011
Dev: Murudai
Windows · Mac · Linux
Median: 2.0 hrsMean: 4.3 hrs≥1hr: 71%
Dynamic abstract sandbox universe. Changes and evolves as you do.
Why similar: Space 29.9%, Space Sim 17.8%, Relaxing 9.4%, Physics 9.2%, Comedy 8.5%
- #56 Galaxy Engine
66% matchPositive87% of 15 reviews2025
Dev: Narcis Calin
Windows · Linux
Simulate the physics of the Universe on a large scale and create stunning visuals. Play with intergalactic interactions, smash planets together and even create the Big Bang itself!
Why similar: Space Sim 32.5%, Space 22%, Simulation 16.9%, Physics 16.3%, Casual 5.5%
- #57 SimpleRockets
68% matchVery Positive85% of 365 reviews2015
Dev: Jundroo, LLC
Windows · Mac
Median: 5.4 hrsMean: 6.6 hrs≥1hr: 96%
I am excited to release my first game on Steam! SimpleRockets was released in 2013 for mobile and I've put a ton of work into it to get it ready for PC and Mac. It was inspired by KSP, and it offers a simpler 2D experience for building rockets and exploring space with realistic orbital mechanics.
Why similar: Space Sim 42%, Physics 20%, Simulation 16.8%, Space 14.2%, Indie 4%
- #58 Launch Window
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: gumptiongames
Windows
Launch Window is a single player physics-based automation game where you establish supply chains across an entire solar system using orbital mechanics.
Why similar: Space Sim 27.5%, Flight 16.6%, Space 13.4%, Physics 12.3%, Resource Management 10.8%
- #59 CDL for a UFO
65% match6 user reviews100% of 6 reviews2026
Dev: Myopic Frog
Windows
Play as a starship captain who is woefully unqualified for the job. With an unfamiliar control panel in front of you, all 45 keys of your keyboard are randomized at the start of every attempt. Guide your ship through a variety of obstacles in an attempt to make it to your destination in one piece.
Why similar: Flight 31.4%, Space 25.7%, Space Sim 23.5%, Comedy 15.7%, Indie 1.9%