- #1 Medieval Castle Simulator
97% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Outerlynx
Windows
Run your own castle, trade goods, set prices, hire villagers, and expand your market into a thriving medieval empire. Customize your layout, keep order, and secure your prosperity… or lose it all.
Why similar: City Builder 27.8%, Life Sim 18.9%, Sandbox 13.8%, Simulation 12.1%, Immersive Sim 10.9%
- #2 Townbox
96% matchNo user reviews
Dev: VideoDojo Games
Windows
Townbox™ is a single player sandbox town building game with an emphasis on creativity and self expression! Take on the role of trainee town planner and expand your teeny-tiny starting island into a bustling town of your own design.
Why similar: City Builder 20.8%, Life Sim 15%, Sandbox 12.6%, Immersive Sim 10.1%, Building 6.5%
- #3 Fantasy World Simulator
96% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: North Coast Studio
Windows · Mac
Open a Pixie shop and dive into an adventure with whimsical creatures. Tame, train, and evolve Pixie characters, then explore the vibrant city with them. Manage your shop, serve customers, and grow your business. Join now and create your own Pixie legend!
Why similar: City Builder 23.1%, Life Sim 17.3%, Sandbox 13.9%, Immersive Sim 11.8%, Simulation 7%
- #4 Resort Manager
95% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Nesalis GamesPub: FreeMind S.A.
Windows
Resort Manager – become the owner of a holiday resort and build the tourist empire of your dreams! Manage, invest, and grow your summer haven to attract more and more guests and transform a small getaway into a vibrant hotspot full of attractions.
Why similar: Sandbox 15.9%, Immersive Sim 15.8%, City Builder 12.9%, Life Sim 12.7%, Simulation 12.1%
- #5 Acorn City: Tropical!
94% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Divine Games LLC
Windows
Build and Explore your very own tropical island! Use block-based building mechanics to create an island unique to you! Collect resources to survive and create. Unlock new items to help expand your town!
Why similar: City Builder 23.2%, Life Sim 16.4%, Sandbox 12.3%, Immersive Sim 10.4%, Cartoon 9.7%
- #6 Hotel Builder
94% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Live Motion Games
Windows
Vacations mean various things to people all over the world, but they always have one thing in common: the HOTEL. It’s time to take matters into your own hands and build that dream hotel just the way you always wanted!
Why similar: City Builder 25.9%, Life Sim 17.2%, Sandbox 14.2%, Immersive Sim 12.5%, Simulation 8.2%
- #7 Hotel Manager: Together
93% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Vespertine Game
Windows
Build your own hotel empire from scratch! Welcome guests, prepare rooms, hire staff, and transform a small motel into a five-star luxury resort. Can you keep your guests happy and reach the top in this fast-paced time management game ?
Why similar: City Builder 21.5%, Sandbox 14.4%, Immersive Sim 10.7%, Life Sim 9.2%, Simulation 9.1%
- #8 Witching Well
92% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Shiitake Knights
Windows
Witching Well is a magic sandbox where you craft spells, explore, shape your surroundings, and play at your own pace. Collect ingredients, craft magic, meet unique creatures, and transform the world around you.
Why similar: City Builder 18.4%, Life Sim 16.7%, Sandbox 13.9%, Immersive Sim 10.4%, Building 9.8%
- #9 Two Point Museum
91% matchOverwhelmingly Positive96% of 11,825 reviews2025
Dev: Two Point StudiosPub: SEGA
Windows · Mac · Linux
Median: 9.1 hrsMean: 25.6 hrs≥1hr: 88%
Curate and manage incredible museums! Explore to discover amazing artifacts. Design and refine the layout, keep staff happy, guests entertained, donations plentiful… and children off the exhibits
Why similar: City Builder 25%, Life Sim 16.2%, Sandbox 13.3%, Building 12.2%, Simulation 8.8%
- #10 Animal Aboard!
91% matchNo user reviews
Dev: DoggieLabsPub: PlayWay S,A.
Windows
Transform the ship into the floating home of your dreams! Build, clean, design, plant and create a unique place on the water while caring for your faithful canine companion. Life at sea awaits!
Why similar: Life Sim 18.1%, Cartoon 16.3%, Immersive Sim 15.5%, Sandbox 12.8%, Simulation 9.6%
- #11 Built Brick by Brick
90% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Monte Castro Studios
Windows
A life simulation and construction game set in rural Argentina. You start with a plot of land and the idea of your dream home. Work to earn money and achieve your goals.
Why similar: City Builder 17%, Sandbox 15.9%, Life Sim 14.1%, Building 13.9%, Simulation 10.2%
- #12 Zoo 2: Animal Park
89% matchMostly Positive78% of 1,646 reviews2020
Dev: KING ArtPub: upjers
Windows
Median: 1.5 hrsMean: 24.8 hrs≥1hr: 58%
Zoo 2: Animal Park – Take care of wild and tame zoo animals in this animal game!
Why similar: City Builder 25.7%, Life Sim 16.4%, Building 12.3%, Cartoon 10.6%, Simulation 6.8%
- #13 Room In Dream
89% matchPositive90% of 30 reviews2023
Dev: Cat Head Games
Windows
A peaceful, relaxing and chill cozy Zen game. Discover, collect, and assemble furniture to decorate your little cozy room and surrounding environment in the peaceful land, feeling the white noise of the nature, time flow and weather change.
Why similar: Life Sim 21.8%, Sandbox 18.5%, Simulation 13.9%, Immersive Sim 12%, Casual 8.3%
- #14 Amusement Park Simulator
87% matchPositive89% of 35 reviews2024
Dev: SlosGames
Windows
This is a simulation-tycoon game for making your dream park.You can purchase , sell and move all of the machines and visual items.While you do these things costumers comes and experience all of this.Sometimes they wanna eat , watch and enjoy on machines.Becareful if they buy a ticket !
Why similar: City Builder 31.4%, Life Sim 24%, Immersive Sim 16.4%, Simulation 9.9%, Stylized 7.5%
- #15 电子祭祖
88% match3 user reviews67% of 3 reviews2023
Dev: 红叶工作室
Windows · Mac
你还在为清明不调休回不了家而烦恼吗?现在进入电子祭祖便可以足不出户进行祭祖。 通过电子祭祖,你可以烧香、放贡品、烧纸 马上开始为你在另一个世界的先人打钱吧!
Why similar: Life Sim 23.3%, Sandbox 12.7%, Cartoon 11.1%, Exploration 8%, Building 7.8%
- #16 毕业生活模拟器 Graduation Life Simulator
86% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Little Blue Studio
Windows
Graduation Life Simulator "is a simple and casual 2D simulation business development game. Here, you will transform into a newly graduated college student, bringing dreams and challenges to the big city, striving to accumulate wealth from scratch, with the ultimate goal of earning 10 million yuan!
Why similar: Life Sim 19.8%, Immersive Sim 14.3%, Cooking 12.7%, Cartoon 12.5%, Simulation 8.4%
- #17 Site Management Simulator
84% matchMixed67% of 12 reviews2026
Dev: Wins Games Studio
Windows
"Start with a small apartment and expand into a thriving residential site with buildings, shops, and services. Manage cleaning, security, and fees to keep residents happy and build your dream community!"
Why similar: City Builder 22.3%, Life Sim 19.2%, Sandbox 16.3%, Simulation 12.5%, Immersive Sim 11%
- #18 Doner Master Simulator
85% match6 user reviews0% of 6 reviews2024
Dev: Fika Game Studio
Windows
"Run your own döner restaurant in Döner Master Simulator! Prepare delicious döner, satisfy your customers, and grow your business. Become a master döner chef and own the most popular spot in town!"
Why similar: Life Sim 19.1%, Sandbox 15.6%, Cooking 14.3%, Immersive Sim 12.3%, Building 8.7%
- #19 Eilands
84% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: Innerverse Games
Windows
Create and explore your own islands. Sculpt the land, plant trees, draw paths, place and build houses. Inhabit your creations. There is no combat or management, just the joy of creating and experiencing your own island.
Why similar: City Builder 25.1%, Building 13.4%, Sandbox 12.9%, Life Sim 12.7%, Exploration 7%
- #20 Mountain Resort Manager
82% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: collisdecus
Windows · Mac · Linux
Build a cozy alpine resort where gondolas glide, guests explore, and your mountain evolves through seasons. Place trails and buildings, manage staff and finances, and watch the resort come alive at your pace.
Why similar: City Builder 30.7%, Sandbox 16.6%, Immersive Sim 14.8%, Simulation 13.5%, Building 7.4%
- #21 Renovation Plan
83% matchMixed67% of 12 reviews2024
Dev: 虚拟游方
Windows
This is a relaxing and leisurely home decoration game, you need to follow the design map to put all kinds of furniture in the corresponding position. Each room has unique furniture and decoration style, more gorgeous large apartment waiting for you to decorate.
Why similar: Life Sim 21.6%, Immersive Sim 12.4%, Cartoon 10.7%, Building 10.6%, Simulation 9.1%
- #22 Roller Coaster Park Simulator
82% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Frost Panda Studio
Windows
Switch between first- and third-person as you build your park, ride your coasters, and serve your guests. Design rides, manage staff, and keep the chaos under control in your very own roller coaster park!
Why similar: City Builder 25.5%, Building 12.9%, Life Sim 9.7%, Simulation 9.5%, Management 8.8%
- #23 Construction Simulator 4 - Pocket Edition
81% matchMostly Negative20% of 30 reviews2025
Dev: astragon DevelopmentPub: astragon Entertainment
Windows
Experience Construction Simulator 4 across three beautiful regions with unique campaigns and challenges. Over 100 missions and 80 detailed vehicles and machinery deliver a varied gameplay experience for your growing construction company.
Why similar: City Builder 31.2%, Sandbox 16.9%, Immersive Sim 14.1%, Simulation 13.3%, Building 7.5%
- #24 Pizza Simulator Together
81% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Exbyte Studios
Windows
Pizza Simulator is a cooperative simulator where you manage a pizzeria, set up the kitchen, hire staff, prepare and deliver orders, and maintain the reputation and cleanliness of your establishment. Create your dream pizzeria!
Why similar: Life Sim 18.9%, Sandbox 14.3%, Immersive Sim 13.3%, Cooking 13.3%, Building 9%
- #25 My Bakery Empire
80% matchMixed40% of 15 reviews2024
Dev: CrazyLabsPub: QubicGames
Windows
Enjoy this yummy cake-baking story and help Lizzie fulfill her dream of opening her own sweet bakery!
Why similar: Cooking 23.3%, Life Sim 22.3%, Immersive Sim 17.3%, Cute 6.5%, Relaxing 6.5%
- #26 Hundred Nights: DIFU
79% matchNo user reviews
Dev: PixelsCove Games
Windows
Run the Chinese Hell in this cozy management simulation! Design your underworld, staff it with quirky soulkeepers, and punish sinful souls. Meanwhile, build Fengdu City where souls enjoy the afterlife, meet legends from Chinese myths, and explore the worlds above.
Why similar: City Builder 28%, Simulation 13.5%, Building 11.8%, Sandbox 10.7%, Life Sim 9.8%
- #27 The Pub Life Simulator: Prologue
78% matchMixed61% of 41 reviews2025
Dev: Visma GamesPub: Red Axe Games
Windows
Open your own pub with The Pub Life and keep your customers happy with refreshing drinks and great service. Enjoy this cozy and detailed simulation experience solo or with a friend. Level up, unlock higher quality beverages, and expand your pub to create the most popular spot in town!
Why similar: Life Sim 21.9%, Sandbox 17.7%, Simulation 13%, Immersive Sim 12.9%, Building 8.4%
- #28 5 Blocks of Happiness
77% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Relis Studio
Windows
When expecting mother Clementine is placed on strict bed rest, Julian decides to bring the world to her. Help him build a cozy neighborhood right outside their door. Fulfill your neighbors' daily cravings, stock adorable shops, and keep the town's Happiness high.
Why similar: City Builder 27.6%, Life Sim 15.5%, Building 8.1%, Cartoon 8.1%, Cute 7.9%
- #29 Smalltown Architect
77% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Pianova Games
Windows · Mac
Tired of grey cities full of cars and concrete? Let's build charming European-style old towns full of life, color and bustling energy. Beautiful architecture, parks and cobbled streets lined with cafés, shops and restaurants. Relax as you watch your residents enjoy life in your cozy little town.
Why similar: City Builder 33.3%, Sandbox 18%, Simulation 14.8%, Building 7.9%, Cute 7%
- #30 ASMR Slicing
76% matchMostly Positive79% of 89 reviews2024
Dev: CrazyLabsPub: QubicGames
Windows
Slice multiple objects made of kinetic sand in the most satisfying ASMR cutting game!
Why similar: Sandbox 17.6%, Immersive Sim 16.2%, Cartoon 14.4%, Cooking 13.6%, Simulation 10%
- #31 Model Railway Easily 2
78% matchMixed62% of 21 reviews2021
Dev: Redbrick Studios Ltd
Windows
Model railway builder with true 3D graphics. Form and paint the terrain, build the tracks with easy action, and place all the highly detailed objects to create exciting model railway layouts! Start your trains by simply pushing them and enjoy this fully functional model railway simulator!
Why similar: City Builder 21.8%, Immersive Sim 14.4%, Sandbox 12.1%, Simulation 9.2%, Relaxing 7.3%
- #32 Road Diner Simulator
75% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: DRAGO entertainment
Windows
Buy an abandoned road diner and restore it to its full glory. Renovate, upgrade and expand the diner to offer more to your customers and attract new clientele.
Why similar: Life Sim 19.3%, Sandbox 14.6%, Cooking 13.9%, Immersive Sim 13.5%, Building 9%
- #33 BBQ Master
74% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2025
Dev: Ancient
Windows
SIZZLE SIZZLE! CRACKLE! Let's barbecue!
Why similar: Cooking 26%, Life Sim 20.5%, Cartoon 11.2%, Simulation 10%, Immersive Sim 8.2%
- #34 Cafe Owner Simulator: Prologue
75% matchMixed66% of 1,452 reviews2022
Dev: Second RealityPub: RockGame S.A.
Windows
Median: 1.3 hrsMean: 5.8 hrs≥1hr: 59%
Prologue to the Cafe Owner Simulator, where you can restore your own abandoned building, complete tasks at various levels, and start building a restaurant business from zero.
Why similar: Life Sim 16.2%, Cooking 13.8%, Immersive Sim 11%, Building 9.6%, Sandbox 9.6%
- #35 Polyville Canyon
76% matchVery Positive94% of 131 reviews2021
Dev: Henagames
Windows
Polyville Canyon is a laid-back city builder where nothing bad ever happens! Relax while you build an entire city for your Neighbors piece by piece! Attract Neighbors and increase Ticket Prices by expanding your town and watch your profits soar!
Why similar: City Builder 35.1%, Immersive Sim 13.8%, Building 10.9%, Relaxing 9.3%, Stylized 8.7%
- #36 Fantastic Haven: Prologue
73% matchMostly Positive76% of 283 reviews2024
Dev: Piece of Cake FabulousPub: Gamera Games
Windows
Save fantasy creatures and protect them until releasing them into their natural habitat. Build your shelter, explore the neighboring region, and encounter a series of events.
Why similar: City Builder 33.3%, Sandbox 19%, Simulation 10.8%, Building 10.4%, Exploration 8.2%
- #37 Motel Simulator
73% matchNo user reviews
Dev: DRAGO entertainment
Windows
An abandoned motel across from the gas station. Renovate and furnish it, rent rooms and expand. Pick your patrons wisely - just handing them their room key and getting their cash is just where the adventure with your guests starts…
Why similar: Life Sim 20.9%, Sandbox 16.1%, Immersive Sim 15.1%, Cooking 12.9%, Building 8.9%
- #38 Empluna
73% matchNo user reviews
Dev: BigCodersPlanet
Windows
Sandbox city building meets automation: Design unique buildings, create vibrant cities, and perfect production chains. Create a civilization that suits your style. Perfect for anyone who loves creativity and strategy!
Why similar: City Builder 27.7%, Sandbox 15.7%, Immersive Sim 14.6%, Building 9.9%, Simulation 8.8%
- #39 Parkdens
72% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: HidingDev Games
Windows
Parkdens is a minimalistic and relaxing nature park building game where you can place tiles and choose variety of objects ranging from statues, sitting areas, shelters to bushes, playgrounds, trees etc. to populate the placed tiles.
Why similar: City Builder 36.7%, Sandbox 19.4%, Simulation 17.1%, Building 10.8%, Casual 10.6%
- #40 ReEstate - Real Estate and Business Simulator
72% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Darkwolf66
Windows
A real estate investment and business simulator, with aspects of life simulator who puts you in the skin of someone who just lost everything including your parents and needs to win in life.
Why similar: Life Sim 22.4%, Sandbox 16.5%, Simulation 14%, Immersive Sim 12%, Casual 8.5%
- #41 100 days
74% matchNegative9% of 11 reviews2021
Dev: SMgames
Windows
100 days is a game that allows you to immerse yourself in the harsh world of one island, where you have to survive for 100 days. Build, explore the island and find secrets.
Why similar: City Builder 27.7%, Life Sim 19.1%, Sandbox 15.6%, Simulation 8.5%, Exploration 6.6%
- #42 Feastopia
70% matchVery Positive80% of 259 reviews2026
Dev: White Star StudioPub: IndieArk
Windows
Feastopia is a Rogue-lite culinary city-builder, inspired by Against the Storm. Forge a pact with an adorable deity and build a thriving foodie metropolis in a bountiful land. With randomized maps and events, unlock hundreds of wondrous abilities, experience a unique adventure every time you play.
Why similar: City Builder 29.9%, Cooking 14.8%, Cartoon 12.7%, Simulation 11.2%, Building 7.6%
- #43 Pirates Odyssey
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: PRODUKTIVKELLER StudiosPub: SunDust
Windows
Ahoy, mateys! We are marooned on a series of islands and need to find a way home. Help us explore the environment, build camps and find glorious booty. Join us on an island hopping adventure full of parrot wisdom, pirate mayhem and puzzle glory! Arrr!
Why similar: City Builder 28.9%, Life Sim 20.3%, Cartoon 12.6%, Simulation 9.7%, Building 8.6%
- #44 Everplant
71% matchNo user reviews
Dev: JesperPub: TakeLime
Windows · Mac · Linux
Discover an infinite procedural world, unite with monsters, discover the universe and create your own one with some friends.
Why similar: City Builder 20.9%, Life Sim 15.9%, Sandbox 13.2%, Building 11.2%, Cartoon 10.5%
- #45 Little Christmas Workshop
70% matchNo user reviews2026
Dev: Tom Horwath Games
Windows
An adorable, stocking stuffer-sized factory automation game
Why similar: City Builder 30.6%, Sandbox 19.1%, Simulation 14.2%, Building 9.2%, Casual 8.7%
- #46 我是大房东
71% match9 user reviews67% of 9 reviews2023
Dev: 星九猫
Windows
If you had a plot of land, what would you build on it? In "I Am The Landlord," you'll play as a landlord who owns an apartment building in the city center, starting from an empty plot and using your design skills and creativity to construct unique apartments.
Why similar: City Builder 25%, Building 20.9%, Life Sim 16.9%, Simulation 14.2%, 3D 7.2%
- #47 My Dear Farm
70% matchNo user reviews2027
Dev: Cometa GamesPub: HyperBeard, Inc.
Windows
Grow, decorate, and unwind in My Dear Farm for PC—a cozy farming sim with HD visuals, improved controls, exclusive PC events, and Steam Cloud. Build the farm of your dreams and show off your style!
Why similar: Life Sim 21.2%, Sandbox 18.2%, Simulation 14.6%, Immersive Sim 13.4%, Casual 8.9%
- #48 Road Diner Simulator: Prologue
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: DRAGO entertainment
Windows
Experience the past and get to know the story of the old diner and its struggling history in this prologue to Road Diner Simulator.
Why similar: Life Sim 23%, Sandbox 16.9%, Simulation 14.3%, Immersive Sim 13.6%, Cooking 13.1%
- #49 Land of Manifestations: Sanctuary
69% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Silence Square Studio
Windows
Awakening in the Temple of Tianwen with no memory of your past, you are told that for the survival of the Land of Manifestations, you must build a sanctuary. Explore dreamscapes, recover memories of homes and city facilities, and guide lost souls back as you turn your refuge into a true home.
Why similar: City Builder 31%, Life Sim 18.6%, Sandbox 16.8%, Casual 7.3%, Simulation 5.7%
- #50 Monastery Builder
68% matchNo user reviews
Dev: SolidGames
Windows
Become a monk in a medieval European monastery. Be diligent with your duties, and develop and expand your friary. Learn plenty of useful skills and contribute to raising the standard of living for the local community.
Why similar: City Builder 23.3%, Immersive Sim 13.3%, Life Sim 13%, Sandbox 12.3%, Building 10.4%
- #51 CoffeeShop Simulator
68% matchNo user reviews
Dev: StrangeWickedStudio
Windows · Mac
CoffeeShop Simulator offers a captivating experience for aspiring baristas and fans of simulation games. It's more than just management every decision shapes your journey in the exciting world of coffee.
Why similar: Life Sim 25%, Sandbox 22.3%, Immersive Sim 17.7%, Cooking 14.3%, Simulation 6.4%
- #52 Chonkymon
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Chonky Plonki
Windows · Mac
A cuddly 2D-builder game where you breed animals called Chonkymons. Build homes for them, design their rooms and make them happy with food. Create unique and custom Chonkymons by combining them in fusion tanks. Expand your island and home to fit more animals into your Chonkymon Island!
Why similar: City Builder 28.4%, Life Sim 20%, Immersive Sim 14.6%, Building 9.5%, Simulation 8.2%
- #53 California Escapades
67% matchMostly Positive72% of 323 reviews2024
Dev: NUTS POWER ONLINE ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED
Windows
In this simulation and adventure game, explore 19th-century Gold Rush California. Join Jim and Emma to build and manage your farm and city. Plant crops, raise animals, construct buildings, complete missions, uncover secrets, and collect treasures. Start your adventure now!
Why similar: City Builder 27.1%, Life Sim 18.1%, Immersive Sim 12.2%, Simulation 9.6%, Building 8.7%
- #54 AI Roommate: Life with an Artificial Companion
67% matchMixed62% of 21 reviews2025
Dev: Raetae Studios
Windows
Share your home with an AI-powered roommate who learns, grows, and makes every day unique. Explore a lively neighborhood, travel to fascinating cities like Oasis City, and discover places full of adventures, genuine connections, and unforgettable friendships.
Why similar: Life Sim 27.7%, Immersive Sim 18%, Simulation 16.5%, Casual 10%, Exploration 9.2%
- #55 Superstore Simulator
67% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Codebusters StudioPub: DRAGO entertainment
Windows
Develop your store, order goods, and sell, sell, sell. Hire employees and take care of customers. Enjoy a rather humorous approach to trading and running a store where you can look forward to hours upon hours of great entertainment.
Why similar: Life Sim 22.2%, Sandbox 17.3%, Immersive Sim 16.1%, Building 10.1%, Simulation 9.5%
- #56 The Architect: Paris
69% matchMostly Positive73% of 234 reviews2021
Dev: Enodo GamesPub: 5PM Studio
Windows
The Architect: Paris is a construction game that allows you to shape the city of Paris into what you want. Destroy, draw, build your own architectural projects, customizing each building carefully or entire districts at once.
Why similar: City Builder 33.3%, Sandbox 21%, Building 17.2%, Simulation 9.9%, Casual 8.9%
- #57 Llama Simulator
66% matchNo user reviews
Dev: Boogle
Windows
Llama Simulator is an amazing surreal experience where one can truly become their inner Llama and enjoy life to its fullest.
Why similar: Life Sim 23.3%, Sandbox 17.1%, Simulation 16%, Immersive Sim 13.7%, Casual 8.2%
- #58 Polyion
68% match1 user reviews100% of 1 reviews2022
Dev: cntblnk
Windows
Polyion is a world management game where you can create and manage your own world and its resources. Place buildings, manage your resources, keep your population happy and create a thriving world.
Why similar: City Builder 24%, Sandbox 14.6%, Immersive Sim 12.4%, Building 10.5%, Cartoon 7.8%