Games Like Underboard

Recruit a party of unique heroes, fight deadly encounters, loot and craft powerful gear, discover and create thousands of synergetic builds! The Last Flame is an endless roguelike auto-battler in which you guide a righteous party of heroes through many challenges.

Why similar: Auto Battler 23.7%, Party-Based RPG 11.6%, Roguelike 10.3%, Strategy RPG 10.2%, Tactical 9.4%

Why You'll Like It: A premier auto-battler roguelike that mirrors the deep synergy-building and tactical drafting found in Underboard.

Roguelike Squad-based Autobattler in a Tabletop RPG setting. Draft your army, carefully equip and position your units, make important choices, and meet a colorful cast of characters as you make ready for the Grand Tournament.

Why similar: Auto Battler 18.4%, Loot 12.1%, Board Game 11.1%, Strategy RPG 10.1%, Tactical RPG 9.8%

Why You'll Like It: Features a hex-grid tactical layout and auto-battler mechanics that prioritize positioning and team composition.

The Dungeon Beneath is a tactical rogue-like autobattler. Gather your party and descend into the dungeon, battling your way through room after room of nefarious enemies. Collect powerful artifacts and equipment to create an endless variety of strategies.

Why similar: Auto Battler 22.1%, Turn-Based Tactics 13%, Tactical RPG 12.1%, Turn-Based Strategy 9.2%, Roguelike 8.2%

Why You'll Like It: A quintessential auto-battler roguelite where you manage a party through dungeon floors with a focus on itemization and unit placement.

Draft a party that shouldn't work. Then save the world against all odds. Seer's Gambit is a tactical roguelite with unlikely hero synergies. Explore a dangerous world area by area. Every conquest is yours to upgrade. Unlock new heroes, earn powerful buffs, and turn victories into your next weapon.

Why similar: Auto Battler 21.8%, Party-Based RPG 16.4%, Tactical RPG 11.2%, Dungeon Crawler 10.8%, Tactical 9.1%

Why You'll Like It: Combines party-based RPG elements with auto-battler combat, focusing on exploration and strategic team management.

Guide puny humans through Despot's Game - a rogue-like tactics army battler. Equip your team and sacrifice them through procedural dungeons as you fight enemies, and other players!

Why similar: Auto Battler 28.3%, Turn-Based Tactics 12.4%, Tactical 12.3%, Roguelike 11.6%, Dungeon Crawler 9.6%

Why You'll Like It: A chaotic auto-battler roguelike where you manage a massive army of units with distinct roles and equipment.

Conquer the darkness in Dungeon Exiles, an autobattler roguelike set in a dark fantasy world. Descend into the procedurally generated dungeon, level up, unlock synergies and acquire powerful items as you fight for survival and slay the bosses.

Why similar: Auto Battler 28.2%, Strategy RPG 14.8%, Dungeon Crawler 12.9%, Loot 11.8%, Roguelike 11.7%

Why You'll Like It: A streamlined auto-battler roguelike that focuses on combat efficiency and tactical unit upgrades.

Tactical dice-rolling roguelike combat. Take control of 5 heroes, each with their own unique dice. Fight your way through 20 levels of monsters and try to take on the final boss. If you lose a single fight you have to start over so be careful (and lucky!).

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 17.8%, Loot 16.6%, Turn-Based Strategy 15.6%, Turn-Based Tactics 15%, Roguelike 13.3%

Why You'll Like It: A brilliant tactical auto-battler that uses dice-based combat to create deep, replayable strategic decisions for your party.

A fusion of roguelikes and auto-battlers like never before seen. Recruit a party of mysterious heroes, navigate deadly lands, collect an arsenal of magical items, and vanquish a new evil threatening the realm!

Why similar: Auto Battler 47.3%, Party-Based RPG 17.1%, Roguelike 13%, Strategy 10.3%, RPG 8.9%

Why You'll Like It: A fast-paced auto-battler RPG that emphasizes character customization and strategic party synergy.

Hadean Tactics is a roguelike deckbuilding game fused with autobattler elements to create a unique strategy experience. Use your cards to influence the actions of your units and help your Hero defeat the Six Wings of Hell!

Why similar: Auto Battler 24.8%, Strategy RPG 16%, Dungeon Crawler 13.3%, Turn-Based Strategy 10.7%, Roguelike 10.4%

Why You'll Like It: Blends deckbuilding with auto-battler combat, requiring careful planning and synergy to survive tactical encounters.

Build and command your own party of Dwarves in this mix of Auto Battler, Strategy, and RPG. Prepare formations, assign equipment, and decide the fate of up to 10 Beardlings, as you lead the raid party through reckless runs filled with Glory, Death, and Loot!

Why similar: Auto Battler 40.3%, Party-Based RPG 10.9%, Loot 10.7%, Tactical RPG 7.8%, Roguelike 6.8%

Why You'll Like It: A party-based auto-battler that focuses heavily on character customization and loot-driven progression.

Combo Card Clashers is a roguelike deckbuilder meets auto battler! Build massive combos by playing all cards each turn. Unlock powerful card synergies, recruit monsters to be your allies, upgrade gears and skills - give it all to brave through a mysterious world.

Why similar: Auto Battler 23.6%, Tactical 13.4%, Turn-Based Tactics 12.2%, Procedural Generation 10.1%, Roguelike 10%

Why You'll Like It: Offers a unique hybrid of tactical auto-battling and card-based combat that rewards creative team building.

Abalon is a roguelike adventure that fuses tactical turn-based combat and card strategy. Choose your summoner and explore a tabletop world to discover its secrets. Build the perfect deck, outsmart your enemies and become legend!

Why similar: Board Game 19.2%, Party-Based RPG 18.8%, Dungeon Crawler 15.1%, Turn-Based Tactics 14.9%, Roguelike 11.2%

Why You'll Like It: Provides a board-game feel with grid-based tactical movement and deep roguelike dungeon crawling.

Wield magical dice and build a team of powerful Chimeras to stop a mysterious evil in this tactical roguelite adventure. As a Chimera Summoner, recruit and create your perfect team of mythical beasts and command them to victory using unique dice mechanics.

Why similar: Strategy RPG 17.6%, Loot 14.3%, Turn-Based Strategy 13.5%, Roguelike 12.1%, Roguelite 10.3%

Why You'll Like It: A tactical roguelike that uses dice-based mechanics to control unit actions in a way that feels like a refined auto-battler.

Sequel to the acclaimed Legendary Creatures, created by HideChara, and a fun treat combining both roguelike and auto-battler gameplay. Recruit and evolve a large array of troops, creatures, and an arsenal of weapons, to defeat the demon lord spreading corruption across the land.

Why similar: Auto Battler 21.6%, Strategy RPG 14.5%, Dungeon Crawler 12%, Turn-Based Strategy 8.6%, Roguelike 8.3%

Why You'll Like It: A deep strategy-RPG that features auto-battler combat and extensive exploration elements similar to Underboard.

Time Walker Dark World is a roguelike auto-battler with strategic combat. Players will need to adjust their formations, plan their resources, acquire loot, and upgrade skills to defeat formidable enemies and vicious bosses.

Why similar: Auto Battler 31.5%, Turn-Based Strategy 13.4%, Roguelite 11.5%, Turn-Based Tactics 10.7%, Dungeon Crawler 10.5%

Why You'll Like It: An auto-battler roguelite that features deep character customization and complex team-building mechanics.

Draft minions to defeat all who oppose the noble art of necromancy. Wield spells, discover dark relics, and reclaim your castle to unite the land through undeath in this unholy amalgam of roguelike, deckbuilder, and autobattler.

Why similar: Auto Battler 31.1%, Dungeon Crawler 13.8%, Roguelike 13.7%, Turn-Based Strategy 12.2%, Procedural Generation 11.6%

Why You'll Like It: A fantasy-themed auto-battler and card-battler hybrid that emphasizes strategic minion management.

Wreak vengeance and retake lost mines from goblins, orcs, skeletons, and demons in this small-scale tactical roguelite RPG. Build the perfect expedition team and turn the underworld red with each challenging, fast-paced run.

Why similar: Strategy RPG 16.2%, Tactical RPG 13.8%, Turn-Based Tactics 13.1%, Dungeon Crawler 12.7%, Turn-Based Strategy 10.5%

Why You'll Like It: A tactical RPG that focuses on turn-based movement and squad management within a roguelite framework.

Siege of Dungeon is a strategic team-based rogue-lite, where you challenge strong, cunning monsters and combine relics and skills to build up your team in turn-based combat. What’s waiting for you deep in the dungeon? Could it be a rare treasure or the beginning of despair...?

Why similar: Party-Based RPG 16.6%, Dungeon Crawler 14.2%, Tactical RPG 12%, Tactical 11.5%, Turn-Based Tactics 11.5%

Why You'll Like It: A tactical dungeon crawler that emphasizes party synergy and strategic positioning in combat.

Draft of Darkness is a survival horror RPG with deck building and roguelike dungeon exploration. Recruit allies, synergize their decks to create powerful card combos. Manage your limited resources and explore procedurally generated maps to determine the story's outcome.

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 26.4%, Procedural Generation 19.3%, Turn-Based Strategy 18.7%, Roguelike 15.4%, Resource Management 10.8%

Why You'll Like It: A survival-horror dungeon crawler that uses card-based drafting and team management to create tactical depth.

A rogue-like deck-building experience coupled with table top battles. Choose a hero and allegiance then dive deep into the dungeon, evolving your deck for survival. Each choice you make matters, even in between battles!

Why similar: Strategy RPG 16%, Tactical RPG 13.2%, Dungeon Crawler 12.5%, Loot 11.5%, Roguelike 10.7%

Why You'll Like It: A roguelike deckbuilder that incorporates tactical grid-based combat and party-building elements.

Set forth in a co-op roguelite deckbuilder where every choice matters! Craft decks of breathtaking power. Journey alone or with up to three friends. Plot your party’s path to glory and face powerful enemies in deep tactical combat on your quest to save the kingdom of Senenthia in Across the Obelisk!

Why similar: Tactical RPG 14.9%, Dungeon Crawler 14.6%, Tactical 14%, Turn-Based Strategy 14%, Procedural Generation 12.6%

Why You'll Like It: A party-based tactical roguelike that offers deep customization and synergy-focused combat mechanics.

Vault of the Void is a fast-paced roguelike deckbuilder where the power is in your hands. Continuously customise your deck, crafting powerful combos and ingenious strategies. Upgrade your cards with Void Stones, infusing them with new abilities to help defeat the minions of The Void!

Why similar: Board Game 28%, Procedural Generation 20.4%, Roguelike 19.3%, Roguelite 17.1%, Strategy 10%

Why You'll Like It: A strategic roguelike that emphasizes deck-building and tactical combat choices over pure luck.

"Tavern of Gods" is a roguelite auto battle game. Players collect hero skills, followers, and equipment to form various builds to fight with random monsters. Unlock new heros, follower traits and equipment suits, then you can experience more different builds next time.

Why similar: Auto Battler 37.3%, Party-Based RPG 23.4%, Roguelite 14.2%, Roguelike 14%, Strategy 6.9%

Why You'll Like It: A roguelike auto-battler that focuses on drafting heroes and building powerful synergies to clear dungeon floors.

Wartales is an open world RPG in which you lead a group of mercenaries in their search for wealth across a massive medieval universe. Explore the world, recruit companions, collect bounties and unravel the secrets of the tombs of the ancients!

Why similar: Party-Based RPG 35.3%, Turn-Based Strategy 27.1%, Tactical RPG 17.2%, RPG 11.7%, Strategy 6%

Why You'll Like It: A mercenary management game with deep tactical combat and party-based progression that rewards strategic planning.

Darkest Dungeon is a challenging gothic roguelike turn-based RPG about the psychological stresses of adventuring. Recruit, train, and lead a team of flawed heroes against unimaginable horrors, stress, disease, and the ever-encroaching dark. Can you keep your heroes together when all hope is lost?

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 41.6%, Roguelike 27.7%, RPG 11.6%, Roguelite 8.5%, Strategy 6.7%

Why You'll Like It: The gold standard for party-based dungeon crawling, focusing on stress management and tactical decision-making.

Assemble your party. Answer the call. Win the war. Build a deck and fight a series of turn-based combats with up to 6 party characters through the city of Dawn's Point. Each character can unlock a set of unique cards and abilities that can augment your deck in powerful, exciting ways.

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 20.4%, Turn-Based Tactics 19.7%, Roguelike 16.7%, Turn-Based Strategy 15.2%, Roguelite 12.4%

Why You'll Like It: A tactical party-based game that emphasizes positioning and card-based combat in a gritty fantasy setting.

Take on the elements in Wildfrost, a tactical roguelike deckbuilder! Journey across a frozen tundra, collecting cards strong enough to banish the eternal winter…

Why similar: Turn-Based Tactics 25%, Roguelike 18%, Turn-Based Strategy 16.8%, Roguelite 15.7%, Procedural Generation 15.4%

Why You'll Like It: A tactical roguelike that uses a unique lane-based auto-battler combat system to challenge your strategic thinking.

The Lich has thrown the world into a timeless loop and plunged its inhabitants into never ending chaos. Wield an expanding deck of mystical cards to place enemies, buildings, and terrain along each unique expedition loop for the brave hero.

Why similar: Strategy RPG 20.9%, Tactical 17.9%, Roguelike 15.2%, Turn-Based Tactics 15.1%, Roguelite 12.4%

Why You'll Like It: An auto-battler-adjacent roguelike where you manage the environment and your hero's gear to survive an endless loop.

Adapt your strategy to a skill tree that changes every run, combine pieces of equipment to form powerful synergies and create a game-changing build capable of defeating the bosses that will try to stop you. In this Inventory Management Roguelike two games never feel the same!

Why similar: Loot 20.5%, Dungeon Crawler 15.5%, Auto Battler 15%, Strategy RPG 11.5%, Roguelike 10.2%

Enter the Ring of Pain, a roguelike card crawler where encounters come to you. Each step around the ring a dire decision. Go for the loot or backstab a creeping horror? Meet strange friends bearing gifts and treasure. Choose your gear wisely to survive and discover the secrets of the Ring of Pain.

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 36.4%, Roguelike 21.9%, Roguelite 21.1%, Strategy 8.8%, RPG 8%

Why You'll Like It: A dungeon crawler that uses a unique card-based layout to create tactical, high-stakes combat encounters.

Hive Blight is a roguelite autobattler where you lead a team of insect warriors against a corrupting Fungal Threat. Build powerful synergies, uncover the source of the plague, and destroy it to save your world!

Why similar: Auto Battler 18.7%, Party-Based RPG 12.8%, Tactical RPG 9.6%, Turn-Based Tactics 9.6%, Dungeon Crawler 9.3%

Fantasy story-driven roguelite with chaotic inventory management. Combine items in real-time to create powerful skills and use them in fast-paced combat. Explore randomly generated dungeons in the Underkingdom and discover the secrets of its inhabitants!

Why similar: Auto Battler 16.1%, Dungeon Crawler 14%, Strategy RPG 12.6%, Tactical RPG 12.5%, Loot 10.2%

Vault of Power is an autobattler strategy roguelike. Equip powerful skills, strategically position your units, and conquer challenging dungeons.

Why similar: Auto Battler 21.2%, Loot 14%, Strategy RPG 13.8%, Dungeon Crawler 11.9%, Tactical RPG 9.6%

Sandwalkers is a roguelike turn-based exploration game. Build your team, traverse varied hostile environments, face countless dangers, and gain knowledge that will help you find and resurrect the Mother Tree Umama.

Why similar: Loot 13.3%, Board Game 13.1%, Party-Based RPG 11.5%, Strategy RPG 11.5%, Dungeon Crawler 9.2%

Turnbound is an auto battler, where you manage a hero's inventory to escape a haunted boardgame. Each run is different from the last, with unique upgrades, combos and synergies. Async PvP lets you battle the ghosts of other players at your own pace in this unique new inventory battler.

Why similar: Auto Battler 36.4%, Board Game 23.1%, Turn-Based Tactics 18.5%, Roguelike 14.7%, Strategy 7.2%

Turn a handful of heroes into a massive legion! Legionbound is a casual retro RPG autobattler where you recruit heroes, discover class synergies, forge powerful Ascensions, and battle through hordes of enemies across replayable roguelite runs.

Why similar: Auto Battler 34.8%, Party-Based RPG 22%, Roguelite 11.4%, Roguelike 10.7%, Resource Management 9.9%

Recruit powerful units, place them strategically and find the best synergies in this Roguelike Autobattler! Discover optimal combinations, weave powerful enchants, face dangerous monsters and lead your army to victory!

Why similar: Auto Battler 36.3%, Tactical 15.2%, Roguelike 12.2%, Turn-Based Tactics 9.9%, Roguelite 8.8%

Recruit a party of unique heroes, fight deadly encounters, loot and craft powerful gear, discover and create thousands of synergetic builds! The Last Flame is an endless roguelike auto-battler in which you guide a righteous party of heroes through many challenges.

Why similar: Auto Battler 25%, Party-Based RPG 13.6%, Turn-Based Tactics 12.4%, Tactical 10.9%, Roguelike 10.2%

Recruit powerful units, place them strategically and find the best synergies in this Roguelike Autobattler! Knightica lets you guide a warband through many challenges to free the Kingdoms. Discover optimal combinations, weave powerful enchants, face dangerous monsters and lead your army to victory!

Why similar: Auto Battler 30.9%, Loot 19.3%, Turn-Based Strategy 12.8%, Roguelike 12.7%, Tactical 11.2%

A turn-based tactical roguelike from the creators of Monster Train. Play solo or co-op, create powerful builds, and save the Atheneum.

Why similar: Strategy RPG 15.3%, Loot 14.4%, Tactical RPG 12.8%, Turn-Based Tactics 12.7%, Turn-Based Strategy 10.4%

Heroes Against Time is the ally-drafting game where you build a team and power up in a dangerous enchanted forest. Navigate events, fight enemies and dig through ruins while trying to avoid the creeping magical fog… Will your team endure… or be lost to the mist?

Why similar: Party-Based RPG 20.6%, Resource Management 15%, Roguelite 14.9%, Roguelike 13.3%, Auto Battler 9%

Gather your party, roll your dice and battle across the islands to put an end to a powerful curse once and for all in this roguelike turn-based tactical RPG!

Why similar: Strategy RPG 18.2%, Party-Based RPG 15.9%, Turn-Based Tactics 15%, Tactical RPG 14.2%, Turn-Based Strategy 9.8%

A Tactical, Deck-Building Roguelite. Choose 3 Heroes and adventure into a post-Cataclysmic wasteland. Engage enemies in a unique meld of card-play and tactical, positional combat. Level up and scavenge what you can to customise your decks and build a party to take on any challenge!

Why similar: Board Game 15.3%, Tactical RPG 14.5%, Turn-Based Tactics 14.4%, Dungeon Crawler 13.9%, Turn-Based Strategy 10.5%

A strategic autobattler sim where you build a team of gladiators, compete in arenas, plan fight tactics, and form alliances. Combine fighters, beasts, and mages, develop and equip them to optimize your well-oiled fighting machine, dominate the championships, and leave your mark on the world.

Why similar: Auto Battler 21.6%, Strategy RPG 14.6%, Tactical RPG 11.2%, Turn-Based Tactics 10.9%, Tactical 9.8%

A Heroic-Parody tactical RPG combining dungeon crawler’s gameplay and turn-based fights. Dive in an off-beat universe, manage your team and craft mighty gear to equip them! Build your own dungeon by hiding traps and monsters in your galleries, then challenge other players to clean it!

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 17.7%, Turn-Based Strategy 12.6%, Board Game 12.4%, Roguelike 11.9%, Turn-Based Tactics 11.5%

This is a brand - new strategic auto - chess game that integrates RPG and roguelike elements. In the world of the Grimoire, players can freely create combinations and indulge in endless battles.

Why similar: Auto Battler 30.3%, Loot 18.8%, Roguelite 11.2%, Tactical 8.9%, Roguelike 6.5%

Descend into Netherguild, a tactical grid-based roguelite. Lead expeditions deep into mysterious, strange depths. Explore, battle dangerous foes, and manage resources carefully. Push your limits before returning to resupply. What secrets await below?

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 14.9%, Turn-Based Tactics 13.9%, Tactical RPG 13.7%, Party-Based RPG 13.6%, Procedural Generation 10.5%

Assemble a team of warriors and delve into the endless dungeons of Utopia to face off against waves of enemies, collect loot, and compete online for high scores. Issue commands to your squad directly or sit back and watch them fight and explore on their own. Steam Workshop compatible.

Why similar: Auto Battler 21.4%, Dungeon Crawler 14.6%, Party-Based RPG 14.3%, Strategy RPG 11.8%, Loot 11.6%

Racine is an Autobattler Strategy Roguelike. Use your cards to increase your heroes stats or cast powerful spells. Find some artifacts and new cards to develop your own play style.

Why similar: Strategy RPG 24.5%, Auto Battler 21.6%, Dungeon Crawler 12.3%, Procedural Generation 8.6%, Tactical 8.6%

Just King is an action auto-battler with roguelike elements. Assemble your party to venture into different lands fighting fearsome kings and their deadly armies. Use your loot to hire and upgrade mighty heroes... or the bard.

Why similar: Auto Battler 37.3%, Tactical 17.3%, Roguelite 14.8%, Roguelike 14.4%, Strategy 7.7%

As the Devil, command your minions to defeat the greedy adventurers! Build your team with over 240 minions and over 200 treasures, and discover various battle strategies. Enjoy the convenience of one-click auto battles!

Why similar: Auto Battler 26.9%, Board Game 22.8%, Roguelike 12.9%, Tactical 12.5%, Roguelite 11%

The roguelike dungeon crawler where you're a billiard ball! Push monster balls into holes or traps in randomly generated levels. Stack up countless game-changing items to create broken builds. Find combos to create your own synergies and customize your playstyle. Rack and Slay!

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 14.3%, Loot 14.2%, Turn-Based Tactics 11.7%, Roguelike 10.8%, Tactical 10.5%

Manage a team of traveling gladiators in this turn-based fantasy roguelike. Find the best recruits, discover powerful item combinations and come up with clever tactics on the battlefield. The tournament awaits those who desire MORTAL GLORY!

Why similar: Party-Based RPG 20.6%, Turn-Based Tactics 16.7%, Tactical RPG 13.8%, Roguelike 12.3%, Roguelite 9.3%

Undergrave is a tactical roguelike in which moving, jumping, managing your stamina, dashing and 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘄𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝘀𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗮𝘄𝗮𝘆 strategically is vital for success.

Why similar: Turn-Based Tactics 24.7%, Roguelike 19.5%, Turn-Based Strategy 19.4%, Procedural Generation 13.5%, Roguelite 12.2%

BoardLand is a turn-based strategy board game where you use the numbers rolled by dice to grow your own board and battle monsters.

Why similar: Board Game 23.5%, Strategy RPG 20.8%, Dungeon Crawler 14.7%, Turn-Based Tactics 13.7%, Turn-Based Strategy 13.5%

Crawl Tactics combines classic turn-based tactics with roguelike progression. In Dungeon Mode, face challenging, ever-changing encounters as you explore procedurally generated maps. In Quest Mode, develop your village, train your mercenaries, and defend against growing enemy invasions.

Why similar: Party-Based RPG 17.3%, Turn-Based Tactics 15.1%, Strategy RPG 14.7%, Tactical RPG 14.1%, Turn-Based Strategy 8.9%

Sigil of the Magi blends roguelike deckbuilding with turn-based combat for a deep tactical experience. Navigate a world full of dangers and mystique as you craft your deck, obtain relics, and prepare your party of champions for any challenges ahead!

Why similar: Turn-Based Tactics 24.6%, Roguelike 20.5%, Turn-Based Strategy 20.1%, Procedural Generation 17%, RPG 7.9%

Fight your way through a mysterious dungeon in this deck-building, turn-based roguelike game where you don't use cards, but dice! Deal with enemies by combining powerful dice on your board, boost their effects with magical relics, and risk it all hoping for a good roll on unexpected encounters.

Why similar: Dungeon Crawler 22.3%, Roguelike 17.1%, Procedural Generation 17%, Turn-Based Strategy 16.6%, Roguelite 14.1%

Doomfields is a roguelite autobattler where you assemble a team of heroes. Every character transforms into a more specialized one as it levels up. You get to pick up to 5 characters that specialize in something different. You have to compose the best possible team based on loot and their abilities.

Why similar: Roguelite 30.9%, Roguelike 28.2%, RPG 18.7%, Auto Battler 18.3%, Indie 2.3%